TABLE 1.
Descriptive statistics of study characteristics.
| Characteristics | Studies, n (%)/M(Q1–Q3) |
| HF subtype | |
| HF | 23 (48.9%) |
| HFpEF | 19 (40.4%) |
| HFrEF | 5 (10.6%) |
| Years published | |
| <2010 | 1 (2.1%) |
| 2010–2014 | 4 (8.5%) |
| 2015–2019 | 13 (27.7%) |
| ≥2020 | 29 (61.7%) |
| Author country | |
| Asia | 5 (10.6%) |
| Europe | 18 (38.3%) |
| America | 23 (48.9%) |
| Oceania | 1 (2.1%) |
| Data source | |
| Asia | 4 (8.5%) |
| Europe | 14 (29.8%) |
| America | 21 (44.7%) |
| Oceania | 1 (2.1%) |
| Multinational | 7 (14.9%) |
| Data types | |
| EHR | 24 (51.1%) |
| RCT | 9 (19.1%) |
| Disease registries | 8 (17.0%) |
| Observational data | 3 (6.4%) |
| Claims data | 1 (2.1%) |
| EHR and claims data | 1 (2.1%) |
| EHR, RCT, and registries data | 1 (2.1%) |
| Method | |
| K-Means/Medoids | 9 (19.1%) |
| LCA | 11 (23.4%) |
| Hierarchical | 22 (46.8%) |
| Hierarchical & K-Means/Medoids | 1 (2.1%) |
| SOM | 1 (2.1%) |
| Spectral | 1 (2.1%) |
| Mixture model-based | 2 (4.3%) |
| Sample size | 480 (301–1619) |
| Number of variables | 18 (11–47) |
| Number of clusters | 3 (3–6) |
| Variable type | |
| Demographic | 24 (51.1%) |
| Clinical | 25 (53.2%) |
| Laboratory | 21 (44.7%) |
| Imaging | 24 (51.1%) |
| Genetic | 6 (12.8%) |
| Symptoms and complaints | 18 (38.3%) |
| Comorbidities | 29 (61.7%) |
| Outcome | |
| Cross sectional | 7 (14.9%) |
| Mortality | 36 (76.6%) |
| Hospitalisation | 27 (57.4%) |
| Other events | 14 (29.8%) |
| External validation | |
| Yes | 6 (12.8%) |
| No | 41 (87.2%) |