Table 2.
Linear Regressions Indicating Associations Between Education Category and Memory Functioning at Age 72.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | |
| Prediction model results | |||
| Education category (nonselective college graduate is reference) | |||
| High school | −0.15 (0.13) | −0.07 (0.06) | −0.06 (0.l2) |
| Some college | −0.05 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.07) | −0.00 (0.07) |
| Selective college graduates | 0.14* (0.07) | 0.13* (0.07) | 0.l5* (0.07) |
| Postgraduate education | 0.19* (0.08) | 0.16* (0.08) | 0.l7* (0.08) |
| Adolescent SES | |||
| Adolescent SES score (standardized scale is 0–4.6) | 0.04** (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) |
| Number of siblings | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Lived with both parents during high school | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.02) |
| Rural residence during adolescence (urban is reference) | −0.11*** (0.02) | −0.10*** (0.01) | −0.l0*** (0.02) |
| Demographics | |||
| Female | 0.39*** (0.06) | 0.41*** (0.06) | 0.40*** (0.06) |
| Obtained bachelor’s degree at age <25 | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.06) |
| Midlife SES | |||
| Income at age 53 (scale is 0–300,000) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.02) | |
| Occupational prestige score (scale is −463 to 1,424) | 0.04*** (0.0l) | 0.03*** (0.0l) | |
| Later-life health | |||
| Fair or poor self-reported health at age 72 (good, very good, or excellent is reference) | −0.28*** (0.02) | ||
| Selection model results | |||
| Adolescent SES score (standardized scale is 0–4.6) | −0.04*** (0.01) | −0.04*** (0.01) | −0.04*** (0.0l) |
| IQ score during high school (standard scale is −2.8to 2.9) | 0.18*** (0.0l) | 0.17*** (0.0l) | 0.l7*** (0.0l) |
| Female | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.05) |
| Educational attainment (0 = high school, 3 = graduate education) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.07) |
| Fair or poor health in 1993 (good, very good, or excellent is reference) | −0.17*** (0.03) | −0.17*** (0.03) | −0.l4*** (0.03) |
| Cognition score in 1993 | 0.02*** (0.0l) | 0.02*** (0.00) | 0.02*** (0.0l) |
| Church member in 1975 (instrumental variable) | 0.09*** (0.02) | 0.09*** (0.02) | 0.09*** (0.02) |
| Intercept | −0.38 (0.20) | −0.38 (0.2l) | −0.33 (0.20) |
| Transformed ρ | −1.26*** (0.04) | −1.24** (0.03) | − l.2l*** (0.03) |
Note. N = 10,317. SES = socioeconomic status.
Asterisks denote statistical significance where *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.