| Omitting | mean difference (MD) | 95% confidence interval (CI) | P value | Heterogeneity I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huang(a)-2005 | -0.9342 | -1.4574; -0.4110 | 0.0005 | 87.8% |
| Huang(b)-2005 | -0.9348 | -1.4561; -0.4136 | 0.0004 | 87.8% |
| Tascioglu -2010 | -0.9141 | -1.4220; -0.4061 | 0.0004 | 87.8% |
| Li -2013 | -1.0109 | -1.5101; -0.5117 | < 0.0001 | 87.2% |
| Cakir -2014 | -1.0657 | -1.5400; -0.5914 | < 0.0001 | 86.4% |
| Yildiz -2015 | -0.9127 | -1.4138; -0.4116 | 0.0004 | 87.8% |
| Gao -2016 | -0.9979 | -1.5104; -0.4854 | 0.0001 | 85.9% |
| Jia -2016 | -0.9693 | -1.5066; -0.4319 | 0.0004 | 86.4% |
| Cheng -2019 | -0.8076 | -1.2153; -0.3999 | 0.0001 | 77.3% |
| Kim -2019 | -1.0337 | -1.5253; -0.5420 | < 0.0001 | 86.7% |
| Luo -2019 | -0.8627 | -1.3909; -0.3345 | 0.0014 | 85.2% |
| Karakas -2020 | -1.0013 | -1.4990; -0.5036 | <0.0001 | 87.4% |
| Pooled estimate | -0.9547 | -1.4339; -0.4755 | <0.0001 | 86.6% |
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