TABLE 1.

Innovative surfaces based on organic components.

Surface coating	Sustrate	Outcome	Study
Human beta-defensin	Ti	Effective against Escherichia coli	Pfeufer et al. (Pfeufer et al., 2011)
Histatins	Ti	Enhance osteoblast cell adhesion	Van Dijk et al. (Van Dijk et al., 2017)
	Ti	Increased trabecular bone formation around coated implants	Makihira et al. (Makihira et al., 2011)
	Ti	Promote cellular activities around dental implants	Siwakul et al. (Siwakul et al., 2021)
Peptides	Ti	Adhesion of human gingival epithelial cells to a smooth titanium surface. Epithelial sealing at the implant neck. Platelet aggregation on the titanium surface	Sugawara et al. (Sugawara et al., 2016)
	Ti	Induced epithelial barrier to prevent bacterial adhesion, penetration and invasion on titanium. Prevent adhesion, penetration and invasion of Escherichia coli bacteria	Maeno et al. (Maeno et al., 2017)
	Ti	Certain oral pathogens associated with periodontitis induce the production of beta-defensin-2 in human gingival epithelial cells	Krisanaprakornkit et al. (Krisanaprakornkit et al., 2000)