Table 2.
Social-demographic and clinical characteristics of the total samples and the comparison between groups at baseline (N = 128)
| Characteristics | Total sample (N = 128) [ /Median (IQR)/n (%)] |
Intervention group (N = 64) [ /Median (IQR)/n (%)] |
Control group (N = 64) [ /Median (IQR)/n (%)] |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | – | – | – | – |
| Male | 75 (58.6%) | 37 (57.8%) | 38 (59.4%) | 0.858* |
| Female | 53 (41.4%) | 27 (42.2%) | 26 (40.6%) | |
| Age (years) | 57.43 ± 10.62 | 58.04 ± 10.46 | 56.83 ± 10.82 | 0.520# |
| BMI | 23.71 ± 3.03 | 23.59 ± 2.90 | 23.82 ± 3.16 | 0.658# |
| Underweight | 4 (3.2%) | 2 (3.2%) | 2 (3.2%) | 0.775* |
| Normal | 66 (52.0%) | 32 (50.8%) | 34 (53.1%) | |
| Overweight | 44 (34.6%) | 24 (38.1%) | 20 (31.3%) | |
| Obesity | 13 (10.2%) | 5 (7.9%) | 8 (12.4%) | |
| Marital status | – | – | – | – |
| Married | 114 (89.1%) | 57 (89.1%) | 57 (89.1%) | 1.00* |
| Single/Divorced/Widowed | 14 (10.9%) | 7 (10.9%) | 7 (10.9%) | |
| Educational level | – | – | – | – |
| Primary school or below | 3 (2.3%) | 1 (1.6%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0.697* |
| Secondary school | 65 (50.8%) | 33 (51.6%) | 32 (50.0%) | |
| College | 34 (26.6%) | 15 (23.4%) | 19 (29.7) | |
| Undergraduate or above | 26 (20.3%) | 15 (23.4%) | 11 (17.2%) | |
| Occupational status | – | – | – | – |
| Employed | 48 (37.5%) | 22 (34.4%) | 26 (40.6%) | 0.465* |
| Unemployed/Retired | 80 (62.5%) | 42 (65.6%) | 38 (59.4%) | |
| Family average income (monthly in CNY) | 4250 (3000, 6000) | 4000 (3000, 5250) | 4500 (3000, 6000) | 0.867§ |
| Insurance | – | – | – | – |
| Public insurance | 127 (99.2%) | 63 (98.4%) | 64 (100%) | 1.000¶ |
| Commercial insurance | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Diabetes family history | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 40 (31.3%) | 18 (28.1%) | 22 (34.4%) | 0.624* |
| No | 71 (55.5%) | 36 (56.3%) | 35 (54.7%) | |
| Unclear | 17 (13.2%) | 10 (15.6%) | 7 (10.9%) | |
| Diabetes duration (months) | 6.70 ± 2.25 | 6.86 ± 2.21 | 6.53 ± 2.30 | 0.412# |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.76 ± 1.22 | 6.66 ± 1.09 | 6.86 ± 1.34 | 0.368# |
| < 6.5% | 54 (42.5%) | 29 (46.0%) | 25 (39.1%) | 0.427* |
| ≥ 6.5% | 73 (57.5%) | 34 (54.0%) | 39 (60.9%) | |
| Low blood glucose reaction | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 35 (27.6%) | 21 (33.3%) | 14 (21.9%) | 0.148* |
| No | 92 (72.4%) | 42 (66.7%) | 50 (78.1%) | |
| Treatment regimen | ||||
| No medical treatment/Lifestyle modification | 32 (25.6%) | 15 (23.8%) | 17 (27.4%) | 0.941* |
| Oral medicine only | 74 (59.2%) | 39 (61.9%) | 35 (56.5%) | |
| Insulin only | 2 (1.6%) | 1 (1.6%) | 1 (1.6%) | |
| Oral medicine & insulin | 17 (13.6%) | 8 (12.7%) | 9 (14.5%) | |
| Acute complications | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 12 (9.4%) | 6 (9.4%) | 6 (9.4%) | 1.000* |
| No | 116 (90.6%) | 58 (90.6%) | 58 (90.6%) | |
| Chronic complications | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 28 (21.9%) | 18 (28.1%) | 10 (15.6%) | 0.087* |
| No | 100 (78.1%) | 46 (71.9%) | 54 (84.4%) | |
| Concurrent chronic diseases | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 85 (66.4%) | 43 (67.2%) | 42 (65.6%) | 0.852* |
| No | 43 (33.6%) | 21 (32.8%) | 22 (34.4%) |
Note: : mean ± standard deviation; IQR Interquartile range, n (%): count (percentage); p value: the probability of a true null hypothesis; BMI Body mass index, CNY Chinese Yuan, HbA1c Glycated Hemoglobin A; *: Chi-square tests; #: independent-samples t tests; §: Mann-Whitney U test; ¶: Fisher’s exact test