Table 2.
Univariate analysis of low back pain among occupational groups in key industries in China, 2018–2020
| Variables | Low Back Pain | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of workers | Case | Percentage (%) | COR(95% CI) | |
| Individual risk factors | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Men | 37,240 | 5514 | 14.8 | 1 |
| Women | 20,261 | 3935 | 19.4 | 1.387(1.326–1.451)* |
| Age (years) | ||||
| <25 | 12,085 | 1462 | 12.1 | 1 |
| 25- | 26,139 | 4577 | 17.5 | 1.542(1.448–1.643) * |
| 35- | 12,301 | 2238 | 18.2 | 1.616(1.505–1.735) * |
| 45- | 5802 | 964 | 16.6 | 1.448(1.326–1.581) * |
| 55- | 1174 | 208 | 17.7 | 1.565(1.334–1.835) * |
| Working age (years) | ||||
| <2 | 16,061 | 1886 | 11.7 | 1 |
| 2- | 12,072 | 1857 | 15.4 | 1.366(1.275–1.464) * |
| 4- | 7299 | 1292 | 17.7 | 1.617(1.497–1.746) * |
| 6- | 9717 | 1853 | 19.1 | 1.771(1.652–1.899) * |
| 8- | 12,352 | 2561 | 20.7 | 1.966(1.843–2.098) * |
| Education level | ||||
| Junior high school | 15,369 | 2225 | 14.5 | 1 |
| Senior high school | 21,901 | 3399 | 15.5 | 1.085(1.024–1.150) * |
| University degree | 19,231 | 3626 | 18.9 | 1.373(1.296–1.454) * |
| Graduate degree | 1000 | 199 | 19.9 | 1.468(1.249–1.725) * |
| Body mass index (BMI) | ||||
| <18.5 | 6006 | 908 | 15.1 | 1 |
| 18.5- | 39,328 | 6414 | 16.3 | 1.094(1.015–1.180) * |
| 25- | 12,167 | 2127 | 17.5 | 1.189(1.093–1.295) * |
| Smoking | ||||
| No | 36,527 | 6074 | 16.6 | 1 |
| Occasionally | 10,111 | 1453 | 14.4 | 0.841(0.791–0.895) * |
| Frequently | 10,863 | 1922 | 17.7 | 1.078(1.019–1.140) * |
| physical exercise | ||||
| No | 17,947 | 3375 | 18.8 | 1 |
| Occasionally | 32,797 | 5116 | 15.6 | 0.798(0.761–0.837) * |
| Frequently | 6757 | 958 | 14.2 | 0.713(0.660–0.771) * |
| Workplace risk factor | ||||
| Standing often at work | ||||
| No | 8758 | 1284 | 14.7 | 1 |
| Yes | 48,743 | 8165 | 16.8 | 1.171(1.099–1.248) * |
| Sitting often at work | ||||
| No | 25,385 | 4134 | 16.3 | 1 |
| Yes | 32,116 | 5315 | 16.5 | 1.019(0.975–1.066) |
| Squatting or kneeling often at work | ||||
| No | 33,942 | 4750 | 14.0 | 1 |
| Yes | 23,559 | 4699 | 19.9 | 1.531(1.465–1.601) * |
| Lift heavy loads (more than 5 kg) kg) | ||||
| No | 21,719 | 2787 | 12.8 | 1 |
| Yes | 35,782 | 6662 | 18.6 | 1.554(1.481–1.630) * |
| Lift heavy loads (more than 20 kg) kg) | ||||
| No | 33,670 | 4669 | 13.9 | 1 |
| Yes | 23,831 | 4780 | 20.1 | 1.558(1.491–1.629) * |
| Use vibration tools at work | ||||
| No | 35,673 | 5267 | 14.8 | 1 |
| Yes | 21,828 | 4182 | 19.2 | 1.368(1.308–1.431) * |
| Working in the same postures at a high pace | ||||
| No | 11,044 | 970 | 8.8 | 1 |
| Yes | 46,457 | 8479 | 18.3 | 2.319(2.162–2.487) * |
| Trunk posture | ||||
| Trunk straight | 18,566 | 2001 | 10.8 | 1 |
| Bend slightly with your trunk | 31,361 | 5364 | 17.1 | 1.708(1.617–1.805) * |
| Bend heavily with your trunk | 7574 | 2084 | 27.5 | 3.142(2.934–3.365) * |
| Always turn round with your trunk | ||||
| No | 20,584 | 2592 | 12.6 | 1 |
| Yes | 36,917 | 6857 | 18.6 | 1.583(1.508–1.663) * |
| Always bend and twist with your trunk | ||||
| No | 33,046 | 4069 | 12.3 | 1 |
| Yes | 24,455 | 5380 | 22.0 | 2.009(1.921–2.100) * |
| Always make the same movements with your trunk | ||||
| No | 27,365 | 2882 | 10.5 | 1 |
| Yes | 30,136 | 6567 | 21.8 | 2.367(2.258–2.482) * |
| Work in bent posture for a prolonged time | ||||
| No | 17,966 | 2777 | 15.5 | 1 |
| Yes | 39,535 | 6672 | 16.9 | 1.110(1.058–1.165) * |
| Work organization factors | ||||
| Often work overtime | ||||
| No | 24,830 | 3385 | 13.6 | 1 |
| Yes | 32,671 | 6064 | 18.6 | 1.444(1.379–1.511) * |
| Abundant resting time | ||||
| No | 31,483 | 6766 | 21.5 | 1 |
| Yes | 26,018 | 2683 | 10.3 | 0.420(0.400–0.441) * |
| Decide the rest time independently | ||||
| No | 47,308 | 8015 | 16.9 | 1 |
| Yes | 10,193 | 1434 | 14.1 | 0.803(0.755–0.853) * |
| Staff shortage | ||||
| No | 31,477 | 4123 | 13.1 | 1 |
| Yes | 26,024 | 5326 | 20.5 | 1.707(1.633–1.785) * |
| Do the same job almost every day | ||||
| No | 7009 | 716 | 10.2 | 1 |
| Yes | 50,492 | 8733 | 17.3 | 1.838(1.696–1.992) * |
| Take turns with colleagues to finish the work | ||||
| No | 28,980 | 4944 | 17.1 | 1 |
| Yes | 28,521 | 4505 | 15.8 | 0.912(0.873–0.953) * |
LBP Low back pain; Crude odds ratio; CI confidence interval; *:P < 0.05