. 2022 Aug 5;21:215. doi: 10.1186/s12912-022-01001-1

Table 3.

Diabetes education characteristics of the patients and the comparison of their self-care and HbA1c levels

	Diabetes Self-Care Scale	HbA1c
Diabetes education
Received	86.51 ± 15.34	9.46 ± 2.23
Not received	72.34 ± 14.60	9.82 ± 2.27
t, p	15.044; p < 0.01	-2.329; 0.020
The frequency of diabetes education
Once^a	82.42 ± 15.60	9.80 ± 2.43
Twice^b	88.89 ± 14.51	9.49 ± 2.03
Three times or more^c	90.90 ± 14.39	9.00 ± 1.96
F, p	37.845; p < 0.01	12.795; p < 0.01
Difference	b > a, c > a	a > c
The method of diabetes education
Individual^a	85.29 ± 15.06	9.62 ± 2.26
Group^b	86.71 ± 12.05	8.99 ± 2.20
Both^c	94.29 ± 15.78	8.76 ± 1.92
KW, p	44.336; p < 0.01	22.260; p < 0.01
Difference	c > a, c > b	a > c

All results are expressed as mean ± SD, unless otherwise stated. SD, standard deviation

t Student’s t-test, p p value, F Mann–Whitney U test, KW Kruskal–Wallis test