Table 2.
Selected phenotypes in children and adolescents stratified according to FT4 serum levels.
| Non-obese | Obese | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low FT4 | High FT4 | p | Low FT4 | High FT4 | p | |
| Age (years) | 12.19 ± 2.81 (50) | 12.77 ± 3.65 (49) | 0.378 | 13.54 ± 3.28 (49) | 13.27 ± 3.31 (52) | 0.680 |
| Sex (% of girls) | 70.0 (50) | 65.3 (49) | 0.671 | 51.0 (49) | 36.5 (52) | 0.164 |
| BMI SDS | 0.26 ± 1.03 (50) | 0.07 ± 0.95 (49) | 0.341 | 4.11 ± 1.99 (49) | 4.12 ± 2.66 (52) | 0.98 |
| TSH (mU/l) | 2.87 ± 1.64 (50) | 2.56 ± 1.4 (49) | 0.306 | 3.58 ± 2.33 (49) | 3.05 ± 1.75 (52) | 0.198 |
| FT4 (pmol/l) | 13.83 ± 1.56 (50) | 18.28 ± 2.05 (49) | <0.001 | 13.33 ± 1.28 (49) | 16.66 ± 1.58 (52) | <0.001 |
| FT3 (pmol/l) | 7.13 ± 1.01 (34) | 6.74 ± 1.19 (34) | 0.144 | 7.02 ± 0.94 (34) | 6.93 ± 1.22 (40) | 0.728 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mmol/l) | 4.89 ± 0.35 (27) | 4.86 ± 0.45 (20) | 0.748 | 4.88 ± 0.39 (32) | 4.81 ± 0.42 (30) | 0.494 |
| Urea (mmol/l) | 3.71 ± 1 (13) | 3.98 ± 1.27 (9) | 0.582 | 3.81 ± 0.84 (22) | 4.15 ± 0.83 (25) | 0.166 |
| Creatinine (mmol/l) | 48.53 ± 9.19 (30) | 52.81 ± 10.79 (26) | 0.157 | 51.08 ± 12.98 (36) | 53.76 ± 14.32 (33) | 0.419 |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 249.19 ± 68.94 (26) | 261.62 ± 69.06 (21) | 0.542 | 312.65 ± 78.3 (34) | 325.21 ± 69.4 (34) | 0.486 |
| AST (μkat/l) | 0.39 (0.32–0.45) (30) | 0.36 (0.31–0.47) (27) | 0.614* | 0.39 (0.35–0.44) (35) | 0.46 (0.37–0.53) (33) | 0.013* |
| ALT (μkat/l) | 0.24 (0.21–0.35) (31) | 0.25 (0.22–0.31) (27) | 0.857* | 0.35 (0.27–0.45) (35) | 0.44 (0.37–0.77) (33) | 0.006* |
| ALT/AST ratio | 0.866 (0.56–0.86) (30) | 0.68 (0.58–0.81) (27) | 0.955* | 0.89 (0.74–1.19) (35) | 1.07 (0.82–1.65) (33) | 0.111* |
| GGT (μkat/l) | 0.24 ± 0.13 (9) | 0.17 ± 0.03 (4) | 0.313 | 0.33 ± 0.18 (17) | 0.38 ± 0.24 (21) | 0.492 |
| ALP (μkat/l) | 3.75 ± 1.2 (14) | 2.95 ± 1.52 (10) | 0.162 | 3.9 ± 1.84 (19) | 3.58 ± 1.5 (24) | 0.532 |
| Total-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.88 ± 0.6 (28) | 4.34 ± 0.94 (24) | 0.037 | 4.15 ± 0.53 (34) | 4.25 ± 0.71 (32) | 0.493 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.38 ± 0.25 (16) | 1.52 ± 0.35 (14) | 0.206 | 1.24 ± 0.27 (34) | 1.27 ± 0.28 (30) | 0.688 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.36 ± 0.59 (15) | 2.73 ± 0.6 (14) | 0.104 | 2.62 ± 0.53 (34) | 2.71 ± 0.71 (30) | 0.582 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l | 0.97 ± 0.5 (24) | 0.9 ± 0.45 (23) | 0.596 | 1.2 ± 0.62 (34) | 1.09 ± 0.46 (32) | 0.400 |
| Insulin (mU/l) | 14.78 ± 9.3 (10) | 9.36 ± 3.17 (7) | 0.162 | 22.81 ± 15.06 (30) | 16.41 ± 9.72 (28) | 0.062 |
| High sugar score | 5.98 ± 1.3 (50) | 6 ± 1.36 (49) | 0.939 | 5.25 ± 1.43 (49) | 5.55 ± 1.25 (52) | 0.259 |
| High complex carbohydrate score | 5.98 ± 1.29 (50) | 6.1 ± 1.18 (49) | 0.637 | 5.47 ± 1.28 (49) | 5.88 ± 1.19 (52) | 0.098 |
| High protein score | 5.64 ± 1.62 (50) | 5.49 ± 1.47 (49) | 0.64 | 5.08 ± 1.6 (49) | 5.93 ± 1.3 (52) | 0.004 |
| High fat score | 5.93 ± 1.42 (50) | 5.8 ± 1.27 (49) | 0.636 | 5.26 ± 1.47 (49) | 5.85 ± 1.3 (52) | 0.033 |
| Low fiber score | 6.22 ± 1.29 (35) | 6 ± 1.18 (34) | 0.462 | 5.35 ± 1.55 (32) | 6.15 ± 1.37 (32) | 0.034 |
| Score for foods cotaining ≥1.5g of saturated FA per 100g | 6.06 ± 1.28 (35) | 5.8 ± 1.17 (34) | 0.395 | 5.08 ± 1.4 (32) | 5.85 ± 1.26 (32) | 0.023 |
| Score for foods cotaining ≥1.5g of polyunsaturated FA per 100g | 6.09 ± 1.27 (35) | 5.84 ± 1.17 (34) | 0.402 | 5.17 ± 1.39 (32) | 5.9 ± 1.22 (32) | 0.029 |
| Score for foods cotaining ≥1.5g of monounsaturated FA per 100g | 6.07 ± 1.24 (35) | 5.82 ± 1.18 (34) | 0.409 | 5.15 ± 1.37 (32) | 5.83 ± 1.21 (32) | 0.039 |
Normally distributed data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Non-normally distributed data* (AST, ALT, and ALT/AST ratio) are presented as the median and interquartile range. TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; FT4, free thyroxine; FT3, free triiodothyronine; BMI, body mass index; SDS, standard deviation score; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; FA, fatty acids. Value in parentheses (number of participants). All significant values (p <0.005) are in bold.