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. 2022 Aug 5;13:92. doi: 10.1186/s40104-022-00739-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — RS changes the microbiota composition and promoting concomitant short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in cecum of meat ducks. a Principal coordinate analyses (PCoA) of beta diversity based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarities of bacterial operational taxonomic units. b Relative phylum level abundance of gut bacteria. Proportion of (c) Firmicutes, (d) Bacteroidetes, and (e) Proteobacteria. f SCFAs production and SCFA receptor gene expression including G protein-coupled receptors 41 (GPR41) and GPR43 in (g) ileum and (h) bone marrow. Intestinal integrity was also assessed by (i) direct measurement using fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) and (j) the mRNA level of tight junction proteins including occluding, caudin-1, and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1). Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation. ^a−cMean values with different letters are significantly different by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (P < 0.05)