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. 2022 Aug 5;13:92. doi: 10.1186/s40104-022-00739-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — β acid eliminates the improved roles of RS on E. coli-induced bone loss via increasing bone resorption. a The changes in the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecal content and (b) in the SCFA receptor gene expression including G protein-coupled receptors 41 (GPR41) and GPR43 in ileum. c Representative micro-CT images and the quantification of (d) bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) of proximal tibia and (e) strength. f Serum tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 were detected by ELISA. g The inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-10, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (Malt1) mRNA expression in bone marrow from different groups. h The number of osteoclast (N.Oc/BS) in proximal tibias and circulating bone resorption markers, including (i) tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and (j) C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx), were also determined. Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation.^a,bMean values with different letters are significantly different by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (P < 0.05)