Table 3.

Descriptive (mean ± standard deviation) and statistical results of the 2 × 3 repeated measures ANOVA design with the manipulation condition as the within-subject factor (main effect) and sex as the between-subject factor (interaction effect).

Manipulating WCT	Sex	Short	Reference	Long	F-Statistics (condition)	F-Statistics (Sex)	p and d
WCT (s)	Male Female	0.3 ± 0.06 0.25 ± 0.06	0.37 ± 0.04 0.3 ± 0.05	0.47 ± 0.05 0.4 ± 0.09	F(1.47, 23.51) = 96.969, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.858	F(1,16) = 6.287, p = 0.023, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.282	1 vs. 2: p < 0.001, d = 1.77, 1 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 2.09, 2 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 2.67
aWCT (%)	Male Female	70.3 ± 9.3 73.4 ± 3.4	68.4 ± 6.6 66.6 ± 3.9	61.6 ± 5.3 62.8 ± 6.1	F(2,32) = 16.717, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.511	F(1,16) = 0.158, p = 0.697, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.010	1 vs. 2: p = 0.05, d = 1.08, 1 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 1.22, 2 vs. 3: p = 0.014, d = 2.62
5mRTT (s)	Male Female	5.57 ± 0.63 5.93 ± 0.23	5.38 ± 0.49 5.87 ± 0.33	5.69 ± 0.51 6.13 ± 0.36	F(2,32) = 12.658, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.442	F(1,16) = 4.653, p = 0.047 ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.225	1 vs. 2: p = 0.127, d = 0.46, 1 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 1.76, 2 vs. 3: p = 0.087, d = 0.60
5mOUT (s)	Male Female	2.65 ± 0.35 2.88 ± 0.2	2.58 ± 0.29 2.85 ± 0.21	2.73 ± 0.27 3.02 ± 0.21	F(1.27, 20.32) = 31.336, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.662	F(1,16) = 4.842, p = 0.043, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.232	1 vs. 2: p = 0.016, d = 0.72, 1 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 2.40, 2 vs. 3: p = 0.004, d = 0.95
Tadapt (s)	Male Female	0.88 ± 0.06 0.89 ± 0.07	0.89 ± 0.07 0.92 ± 0.06	0.95 ± 0.04 0.96 ± 0.08	F(2,32) = 15.135, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.486	F(1,16) = 0.435, p = 0.519, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.026	1 vs. 2: p = 0.387, d = 0.40, 1 vs. 3: p = 0.004, d = 0.91, 2 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 1.50
FPeak (N)	Male Female	1,195 ± 416 1,245 ± 274	1,061 ± 359 1,044 ± 224	1,073 ± 347 952 ± 214	F(2,32) = 27,309, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ 0.631	F(1,16) = 0.056, p = 0.816, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.003	1 vs. 2: p < 0.001, d = 1.27 , 1 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 0.46, 2 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 1.36
Vin (m/s)	Male Female	1.63 ± 0.16 1.5 ± 0.07	1.7 ± 0.1 1.54 ± 0.08	1.65 ± 0.13 1.48 ± 0.08	F(1.21, 32) = 5.811, p = 0.021, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.266	F(1,16) = 10.953, p = 0.004, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.406	1 vs. 2: p = 0.049, d = 0.64, 1 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 1.52, 2 vs. 3: p = 1, d = 0.04
Vexit (m/s)	Male Female	2.05 ± 0.34 1.76 ± 0.15	2.19 ± 0.29 1.83 ± 0.14	2.13 ± 0.31 1.77 ± 0.11	F(2,32) = 14.321, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.472	F(1,16) = 9.934, p = 0.006, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.383	1 vs. 2: p < 0.001, d = 1.27 , 1 vs. 3: p = 0.149, d = 0.73, 2 vs. 3: p = 0.027, d = 0.44
Manipulating Tuck Index		Close	Reference	Far
Tuck index	Male Female	0.44 ± 0.1 0.44 ± 0.09	0.61 ± 0.06 0.68 ± 0.05	0.78 ± 0.06 0.85 ± 0.07	F(2, 22) = 88.594, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.89	F(1,16) = 3.122, p = 0.105, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.221	1 vs. 2: p < 0.001, d =1.39, 1 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d =2.36, 2 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 3.55
5mRTT (s)	Male Female	5.9 ± 0.64 6.5 ± 0.31	5.39 ± 0.49 5.89 ± 0.34	5.66 ± 0.55 6.28 ± 0.25	F(2,32) = 77.757, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.829	F(1,16) = 8.309, p = 0.011, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.342	1 vs. 2: p < 0.001, d = 2.07, 1 vs. 3: p = 0.001, d = 13.65, 2 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 12.99
WCT (s)	Male Female	0.54 ± 0.14 0.61 ± 0.21	0.36 ± 0.04 0.31 ± 0.05	0.25 ± 0.05 0.2 ± 0.04	F(1.13, 18.02) = 57.0, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.781	F(1,16) = 0.125, p = 0.728, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.008	1 vs. 2: p < 0.001, d = 1.38, 1 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 2.05, 2 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 1.96
Initiation distance (m)	Male Female	0.87 ± 0.07 0.8 ± 0.09	1.06 ± 0.09 1.07 ± 0.07	1.32 ± 0.16 1.35 ± 0.07	F(1.41, 22.73) = 360.9, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.956	F(1,16) = 0.076, p = 0.786, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.005	1 vs. 2: p < 0.001, d = 3.45, 1 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 3.75, 2 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 4.59
FPeak (N)	Male Female	934 ± 328 841 ± 195	1047 ± 352 1044 ± 224	1293 ± 521 1251 ± 257	F(1.37, 21.913) = 56.926, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.781	F(1,16) = 13.346, p = 0.74, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.007	1 vs. 2: p < 0.001, d = 1.61, 1 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 1.26, 2 vs. 3: p < 0.001, d = 2.34
Vin (m/s)	Male Female	1.63 ± 0.11 1.48 ± 0.07	1.69 ± 0.11 1.54 ± 0.09	1.62 ± 0.12 1.46 ± 0.09	F(1.381, 22.095) = 10.522, p = 0.002, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.397	F(1,16) = 13.346, p = 0.002, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.455	1 vs. 2: p = 0.001, d = 1.09, 1 vs. 3: p = 0.013, d = 0.82, 2 vs. 3: p = 1.0, d = 0.22
5mOUT (s)	Male Female	2.97 ± 0.32 3.09 ± 0.35	2.68 ± 0.28 2.8 ± 0.3	2.86 ± 034 2.94 ± 0.27	F(2,32) = 25.935, p < 0.001, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.618	F(1,16) = 0.599, p = 0.45, ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = 0.036	1 vs. 2: p < 0.001, d = 1.56, 1 vs. 3: p = 0.003, d = 0.95, 2 vs. 3: p = 0.006, d = 0.91

The last column represents the results of the post-hoc testing (p-values and Cohen's d). ${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$ = partial eta squared, 1 = Reference, 2 = Short / Close, 3 = Long/ Far. The data of the reference trials from the Manipulating WCT study vary slightly from those of the Manipulating Tuck Index study due to the different number of included trials.