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. 2022 Jul 22;12:954811. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.954811

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Codon deoptimization of NS segment for the generation of LAIV. Schematic representation of WT (A) and codon deoptimized, cd (B) viral NS segments. NS vRNA is represented in gray boxes and the NCR located at the 3´and 5´ ends of the NS vRNA are indicated with white boxes. WT NS1 and NEP ORFs are represented as gray and black boxes, respectively. The cd region is represented with light gray boxes for viruses encoding cd NS1 (NS1cd, top), NEP (NEPcd, middle) or both NS1 and NEP (NScd, bottom) proteins. After infection with an IAV encoding a WT NS segment, expression of full-length NS1 results in inhibition of IFN induction, allowing efficient viral replication (A). Infection with IAV NS1cd (top, (B) results in reduced NS1 protein expression and inefficient inhibition of IFN responses, resulting in reduced viral replication. Infection with IAV NEPcd (middle, (B) results in lower expression of NEP, affecting viral replication. Infection with IAV NScd (bottom, (B) results in the virus showing higher attenuation, correlating with the amount of codon changes introduced in both NS1 and NEP in the modified NS viral segment.