Table 1.

Details of the studies examining exposure to the habitual diet (n = 5).

Study	Design	Aim	Population	Nutritional exposure	Outcome measure(s)	Results	Conclusion
Hjerrild et al. (2019) [31]	Cross-sectional study	To investigate the effects of life-long physical activity on skin autofluorescence (SAF) and AT structure, and to determine if SAF and tendon structure are influenced by dietary factors	182 athletes + 24 sedentary persons (54 ±18 y, male)	Diet (fruit, vegetables, fish, bread, cereals, coffee, wine, beer, liqueurs, total fluid, pure water) as well as overall dietary pattern (Western vs. Mediterranean) currently and during youth	Anteroposterior AT thickness (USI)	None of the dietary parameters was a significant predictor of AT thickness	Diet did not affect AT thickness
Jain et al. (2018) [29]	Prospective cohort study	To assess predictors of better shoulder pain and function after surgery	50 patients with symptomatic RC tears undergoing operative treatment (59 ±9 y, 62% male)	Alcohol (habitual consumption <2-3/month vs. >1-2/week)	Shoulder pain and function (SPADI) at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months follow-up	Those consuming alcohol >1-2 times/week had lower SPADI scores (less shoulder pain and better function) than those consuming alcohol <2-3 times/month (p = 0.017)	Alcohol use is a longitudinal predictor of pain and functional outcomes after operative treatment for RC tears
Owens et al. (2013) [30]	Prospective cohort study	To prospectively identify risk factors for the development of lower extremity tendinopathy and plantar fasciitis in United States military personnel	80,106 US active-duty military personnel (70.1% male)	Alcohol (none vs. light/moderate/heavy)	Risk of AT and PT tendinopathy (OR)	Moderate weekly alcohol consumption was marginally associated with increased risk for AT tendinopathy (OR = 1.33 (1.00-1.76), but not for PT tendinopathy (OR = 0.93 (0.71-1.21))	Alcohol consumption is a potentially modifiable risk factor associated with AT tendinopathy
Passaretti et al. (2016) [33]	Case-control study	To investigate the association between alcohol consumption and RC tears	249 patients treated arthroscopically for RC repair + 356 controls without RC tears (cases: 64 (54-78) y, 56% male; controls: 66 (58-82) y, 52% male)	Alcohol (nondrinkers vs. moderate/excessive drinkers)	Risk of RC tears (OR)	Significant risks of RC tears for excessive drinkers (men: OR = 1.7, p = 0.04; women: OR = 1.9, p = 0.04)	Long-term alcohol intake is a significant risk factor for onset and severity of rotator cuff tears
Rechardt et al. (2010) [32]	Cross-sectional study	To assess the associations of lifestyle factors, metabolic factors and carotid intima-media thickness with shoulder pain and chronic (>3 months) RC tendinitis.	6237 participants (male: 50.8 y; female: 52.9 y, 46% male)	Alcohol (none/light/moderate/heavy)	Risk of RC tendinitis (OR)	Alcohol consumption was not associated with chronic RC tendinitis in either gender (data not shown)	(no conclusion with regard to alcohol)

AT, Achilles tendon; CG, control group; OR, odds ratio; PT, patellar tendon; RC, rotator cuff; SPADI, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; TG, treatment group; USI, ultrasound imaging