TABLE 5.

Differences in natural outdoor environment (NOE) use by subgroups.

Type of NOE	Time point	Home setting				Work location					Living arrangements			Race
		Rural	Suburb/Small town	Urban	p+	Remote	Hybrid	On campus	Other	p+	Live alone	Live with others	p+	Non-White	White	p+
		n = 121 (%)	n = 184 (%)	n = 143 (%)		n = 246 (%)	n = 184 (%)	n = 52 (%)	n = 6 (%)		n = 24 (%)	n = 483 (%)		n = 113 (%)	n = 394 (%)
Private or shared yard	Before	97	88	78	<0.001***	87	84	87	100	0.9	58	86	0.022*	72	89	<0.001***
	Since	93	85	78	0.031**	83	85	87	83	>0.9	58	84	0.033*	70	87	<0.001***
Deck, balcony or patio	Before	80	79	71	0.33	76	77	75	67	0.9	58	76	0.167	65	79	0.022*
	Since	76	77	74	0.9	72	79	77	83	0.6	58	75	0.218	65	77	0.051
Public park, garden or orchard	Before	50	54	73	<0.001***	60	60	60	67	>0.9	33	61	0.06	62	59	0.7
	Since	43	49	76	<0.001***	58	56	48	33	0.6	42	57	0.37	56	56	>0.9
Botanical garden, arboretum, or nature center	Before	29	36	40	0.33	33	39	44	50	0.6	29	37	0.61	37	36	0.84
	Since	17	30	41	<0.001***	29	34	33	0	0.6	29	31	>0.9	35	30	0.52
Nature/Hiking tail	Before	71	70	71	>0.9	70	71	79	100	0.6	50	72	0.13	65	72	0.29
	Since	69	75	71	0.67	69	74	71	67	0.88	58	71	0.37	60	74	0.035*
Woodland or conservation area	Before	63	42	48	0.005**	46	55	54	50	0.6	38	51	0.37	44	52	0.29
	Since	61	47	51	0.13	48	60	52	17	0.31	42	53	0.47	43	55	0.103
River, stream, canal, or waterfall	Before	60	54	69	0.07	58	64	63	50	0.8	54	61	0.61	54	62	0.26
	Since	57	51	68	0.036*	55	62	56	33	0.53	50	58	0.61	49	60	0.103
Lake, pond, or beach	Before	54	51	48	0.89	48	53	60	33	0.6	54	51	0.88	50	52	0.84
	Since	53	44	43	0.33	46	51	40	17	0.53	58	47	0.47	44	48	0.61
Other	Before	2.5	1.6	2.8	0.9	2.8	1.1	3.8	17	0.4	4.2	2.3	0.59	4.4	1.8	0.29
	Since	2.5	1.6	2.8	0.9	2	2.2.	5.8	0	0.6	0	2.5	>0.9	3.5	2	0.41
Average total number of NOEs used (SD)	Before	5.12 (2.01)	4.76 (2.11)	5.01 (2.40)	0.45++	4.82 (2.17)	5.06 (2.24)	5.27 (2.31)	5.33 (1.75)	0.71++	3.79 (3.05)	4.98 (2.20)	0.06++	4.54 (2.65)	5.04 (2.12)	0.103++
	Since	4.77 (2.14)	4.61 (2.17)	5.05 (2.24)	0.33++	4.62 (2.28)	5.05 (2.14)	4.71 (2.31)	3.33 (2.16)	0.40++	3.96 (3.11)	4.80 (2.23)	0.22++	4.26 (2.71)	4.90 (2.13)	0.035*++
	p+++	0.13	0.45	0.90		0.4	0.97	0.32	0.24		0.78	0.13		0.26	0.28

+Fisher’s exact test across groups; adjusted p-values.

++ANOVA; adjusted p-values; adjusted p-values.

+++Paired t-test Before vs. Since; adjusted p-values.

p-values: ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.