TABLE 6.

Changes in motivations for spending time outdoors in nature.

Motivations for spending time outdoors	Between subjects change				Within subjects change
	Motivation before COVID-19 emerged	Motivation since COVID-19 emerged	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p+	Motivation before but not since	No change in motivation	Motivation Since but not before	p++
	n = 507 (%)	n = 507 (%)			n = 507 (%)	n = 507 (%)	n = 507 (%)
For exercise/Improved physical health	86	86	0.98 (0.69–1.41)	1	4.7	90	4.9	1
For stress relief/Improved mental health	78	87	0.51 (0.37–0.72)	0.001***	4.1	82	14	<0.001***
For fun/Recreation	85	80	1.36 (0.98–1.88)	0.268	9.5	85	5.1	0.049*
To have contact with nature	74	75	0.94 (0.71–1.25)	1	4.5	90	5.7	0.68
To spend time with family	58	59	0.95 (0.74–1.22)	1	11	76	12	0.76
To socialize with friends	61	55	1.29 (1–1.65)	0.246	23	60	17	0.084
To Do yard/Farm work	1.2	1.2	1 (0.32–3.12)	1	0	100	0	n/a
To garden	0.6	0.6	1 (0.20–4.98)	1	0	100	0	n/a
To care for animals	3.2	3.2	1 (0.50–2.02)	1	0	100	0	n/a
For other work-related activities	1.2	0.6	2.01 (0.5–8.09)	0.975	1	99	0.4	0.68
Other	0.4	0.6	0.67 (0.11–4)	1	0	100	0.2	1
Mean number of total motivations mean (SD)	4.48 (1.60)	4.50 (1.65)		p+++ = 1 (−0.12−0.14)

+Generalized linear mixed models across participants; adjusted p-values.

++McNemar’s chi squared test within participants; adjusted p-values.

+++Paired t-test.

p-values: ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.