TABLE 2.
Metabolites are either substrates or co-factors for epigenetic enzymes in cancer biology.
| Epigenetic enzymes | Examples | Substrates or Co-factors | Mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|
| DNA methylation and demethylation | |||
| DNA methyltransferase | DNMTs | SAM/SAH (methionine cycle) | Methyl donors for methyltransferases |
| DNA demethylase | TETs | α-KG, 2HG, succinate, fumarate, vitamin C, FAD/FADH2 | Co-factors for α-KG-utilizing dioxygenases; Inhibition of α-KG-utilizing dioxygenases |
| Histone acetylation and deacetylation | |||
| Histone acetyltransferase | HATs | Acetyl-CoA (TCA cycle/acetate) | Acetyl donors for acetyltransferases |
| Histone deacetylases | HDAC, SIRT | NAD+, nicotinamide, β-Hydroxybutyrate, succinyl-CoA, butyrate | Activation or inhibition of histone deacetylase; Histone succinylation |
| Histone methylation and demethylation | |||
| Histone methyltransferase | Lysine: PKMTs, Arginine: PRMTs | SAM/SAH (methionine cycle) | Methyl donors for methyltransferases |
| Histone demethylases | KDMs: LSD, JmjC | α-KG, 2HG, succinate, fumarate, vitamin C, FADH2 | Co-factors for α-KG-utilizing dioxygenases; Positive regulators of LSD; Inhibition of α-KG-utilizing dioxygenases |
| Histone phosphorylation | |||
| Histone kinase | AMPK | ATP/AMP | Phosphate donors for protein kinase |
| Protein glycosylation | |||
| Protein glycosylase | OGT, OGA | O-GlcNAc | O-GlcNAc donors for protein glycosylation |