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. 2022 Jul 22;10:926258. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.926258

TABLE 7.

The main accelerator-based 99Mo and 99mTc production routes and their production capabilities per day.

Facility Accelerated particle Incident particle Target material Nuclear reaction Reaction parameters Thick target yield at EOB, Ci Available activity at calibration, Ci
Target thickness, mm Incident energy, MeV Incident current a , µA
Electron accelerator Electron Photon nat.U 238U(γ, f)99Mo 3.17 b 40 3125 2.30 c 1.08
Electron Photon 100Mo 100Mo(γ,n)99Mo 9.96 b 40 3125 137 c 64.34
Deuteron accelerator Deuteron Neutron 100Mo 100Mo(n,2n)99Mo N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Deuteron Deuteron 100Mo 100Mo(d,p2n) 99Mo 0.17 15 100 0.02 0.01
0.20 16 100 0.03 0.01
0.24 17 100 0.05 0.02
0.28 18 100 0.07 0.034
Deuteron Deuteron 100Mo 100Mo(d,3n)99mTc 0.14 15 100 0.35 N.A
0.18 16 100 0.67 N.A
0.21 17 100 1.12 N.A
0.25 18 100 1.73 N.A
Proton accelerator Proton Proton 100Mo 100Mo(p,pn)99Mo 100Mo (p,2p)99Nb →99Mo 0.30 15 400 0.26 0.12
0.61 20 400 2.52 1.18
0.99 25 400 7.36 3.46
1.43 30 400 13.85 6.50
1.92 35 400 21.44 10.07
Proton Proton 232Th 232Th(p,f)99Mo N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Proton Proton 100Mo 100Mo(p,2n)99mTc 0.32 15 400 21.67 N.A
0.63 20 400 48.01 N.A
1.01 25 400 62.23 N.A
1.45 30 400 68.18 N.A
1.94 35 400 73.04 N.A
Proton Proton 98Mo 98Mo(p,γ) 99mTc 2.07 35 400 0.01 N.A
α-particle accelerator α-particle α-particle 96Zr 96Zr(α,n)99Mo 0.06 15 100 0.03 0.01
0.11 20 100 0.04 0.02
0.16 25 100 0.04 0.02
0.22 30 100 0.04 0.02
0.29 35 100 0.05 0.02

The data were calculated using “Medical Isotope Browser” of IAEA: https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/isotopia/isotopia.html (accessed on 08.06.2022) utilizing recommended cross section data from (Tarkanyi et al., 2019).

b

Thickness of 1 radiation length (1 X0).

c

Yield of a cylindrical target of 1 X0 thickness and 2 cm diameter at a distance of 2 cm from a distributed Ta converter of 4.5 mm thickness. The thick target yield can be obtained by multiplication by a factor of about 4.