Table 3. Adjusted risk ratios for persistent blood pressure control among participants taking antihypertensive medication (n = 1,604).
| Characteristic | Risk ratio (95% CI) Model 1 | p-value | Risk ratio (95% CI) Model 2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age: ≥65 years compared to <65 years | 0.73 (0.64–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) | <0.001 |
| Sex: women vs men | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 0.155 | 1.13 (1.01–1.28) | 0.035 |
| Maintained income ≥$25,000 per year*: yes vs no | 1.28 (1.14–1.43) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.04–1.35) | 0.012 |
| High school education: yes vs. no | 1.20 (1.03–1.41) | 0.020 | 1.06 (0.90–1.26) | 0.494 |
| Marital status: married vs not married | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 0.160 | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 0.867 |
| Clinical factors | ||||
| Number of antihypertensive medication classes | ||||
| 1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2 | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 0.073 | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) | 0.053 |
| 3 | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | 0.533 | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 0.490 |
| ≥4 | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | 0.708 | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 0.797 |
| Maintained ideal body mass index*: yes vs no | 0.94 (0.73–1.22) | 0.663 | 0.95 (0.74–1.24) | 0.727 |
| Maintained ideal glycemic control*: yes vs no | 0.96 (0.82–1.14) | 0.658 | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | 0.456 |
| Behavioral factors | ||||
| Maintained adherence to antihypertensive medication: yes vs. no* | 1.11 (1.01–1.23) | 0.037 | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 0.094 |
| Current cigarette smoking: yes vs. no | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) | 0.752 | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 0.824 |
| Maintained non-drinker status*: yes vs. no | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) | 0.184 | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | 0.554 |
| Maintained ideal physical activity*: yes vs. no | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 0.929 | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) | 0.537 |
| Access to health care | ||||
| Health insurance: insured vs. uninsured | 1.24 (1.03–1.49) | 0.025 | 1.12 (0.92–1.36) | 0.256 |
| Reported visiting a healthcare professional in the past year at each study visit*: yes vs no | 1.23 (1.09–1.37) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.06–1.34) | 0.003 |
| Maintained no difficulty in obtaining health services*: yes vs no | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 0.112 | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) | 0.933 |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||
| Stress | ||||
| Low | Ref | Ref | ||
| Moderate | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.336 | 0.95 (0.81–1.10) | 0.481 |
| High | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | 0.557 | 1.01 (0.86–1.20) | 0.858 |
| Depressive symptoms vs with no symptoms | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | 0.063 | 0.91 (0.76–1.08) | 0.266 |
| Maintained ideal anger-in*: yes vs no | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) | 0.646 | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 0.945 |
| Maintained ideal anger-out*: yes vs no | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | 0.941 | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) | 0.915 |
| Maintained low levels of daily discrimination*: yes vs no | 0.94 (0.80–1.11) | 0.448 | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.522 |
CI = confidence interval
Model 1 adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2 adjusted for all variables listed in the table.
*These factors were available at multiple study visits. For each study visit where these variables were available, we categorized participants as having ideal or non-ideal levels of each of these factors. We then categorized participants as maintaining ideal levels of each factor if participants were in the ideal category at all visits in which they were collected. S1 Table in S1 File lists these study variable definitions, visits at which they were collected, collection methods, and their classification for ideal level status.
Stress scale tertile cut points: low (0–31), moderate (32–80), high (81–482)