Table 1:

Advantages and disadvantages of common materials for bone grafts.

Graft Type	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Autografts	High osteoconductive and osteogenic properties (gold standard)	Donor site complication, pain, blood loss during the harvesting process, long surgery time, infection possibility, and limited material availability	[14][30] [31][22]
Allografts	Good for patients with poor healing potential, established nonunion, and extensive comminution after fractures, modifiable	Immunogenic and more prone to failure and rejection compared to autografts, The risk of disease transmission, and limited material availability	[27][22][32] [33][34][35]
(Bio)ceramics	High biocompatibility, bone-like mechanical properties, easy preparation, and relatively low cost	High brittleness	[21][40] [41][42]
Polymers	Reasonable price, low toxicity, biocompatibility, reproducible/controllable mechanical/chemical properties, adjustable biodegradation rates	Hydrophobicity and poor wettability for most of the synthetic polymers	[44][47] [24][52]
Hydrogels	flexible, biocompatible, biodegradable, and porous	Inconsistent hydration, Inconsistent elasticity, weak mechanical properties, and burst release	[54][23]