TABLE 3.
Innovation capabilities inter relation with human development index (HDI) key performance indicators (KPIs) of education (2014–2020).
| Innovation capabilities | Innovation capabilities inter relation with HDI KPIs of education (2014–2020) | |||||||
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| UAE National Innovation Strategy 2015 (Education sector) | Funding KPIs for education | |||||||
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| Education components | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
| Government budget allocated for education (AED Billion) | 6.526 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 10.14 | 10.41 | |||
| % of federal budget allocated for education | 13.40% | 20.50% | 20.20% | 16.80% | 14.80% | |||
| Government expenditure on education, total % GDP | 3.10% | |||||||
| Based on data issued by the Federal Competitiveness Authority 2019–2021 and United Nation annual reports for HDI refers that the percentage of government expenditure on education, total % GDP was stable by 3.1% in 2021. The total public expenditure on education per capita was 1375$ in 2021, while the total expenditures on education (AED Million) was 23,190.2 in 2016, however, the number was slightly decreased to 23,143.04 in 2019 | ||||||||
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| Innovation capabilities inter relation with HDI KPIs of education (2014–2020) | ||||||||
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| Leadership KPIs for education | ||||||||
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| Education components | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
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| QS – University ranking average (score 0–100) | 28.8 | 34.5 | 32.5 | 28.9 | 29.3 | 31.2 | 32.8 | |
| % Tertiary inbound mobility | 39.80% | 44.60% | 44.80% | 46.90% | 48.60% | 48.60% | 48.60% | |
| Students performance in reading, science and math (PISA) | 435.3 | 432.6 | 432.6 | 433.6 | 433.6 | 433.9 | 433.5 | |
| QS – University ranking average (global score 0–100) was 35.8 in 2021. The net influx of International students has been 7.1 in 2014; however, it was increased to 7.2 in 2020. Also, the percentage of tertiary inbound mobility was maintained by 48.6% in 2021. Regarding the students’ performance in reading, science and math (PISA) was stable at 433.5 in 2021; however, the percentage of students who are not low achievers – PISA was 42.5% in 2021 | ||||||||
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| Leading operations and services KPIs for education | ||||||||
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| Education components | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
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| No. Schools (Government and Private) | 1215 | 1215 | 1230 | 1226 | 1219 | 1262 | 1257 | |
| No. Government schools | 673 | 673 | 667 | 659 | 639 | 619 | 600 | |
| No. Private schools | 542 | 542 | 563 | 567 | 580 | 643 | 657 | |
| No. Higher Education Institutions | 74 | 74 | 74 | 76 | 76 | 159 | 159 | |
| Expected years of study | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 13.3 | 14.3 | 13.6 | |
| Average years of schooling | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 10.8 | 11 | 12.1 | 15.7 | |
| Literacy rate | 93.50% | 97.50% | 97.50% | 97.50% | 97.50% | 97.50% | 93.80% | |
| % Teachers qualified and trained in primary education | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
| % of students from teachers at the primary education | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 24.50% | 24.50% | 24.50% | |
| % of students from teachers at the secondary education | 14.3 | 11.5 | 13.3 | 11.2 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | |
| No. students for per teacher in primary education | 16 | 19 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 23.2 | |
| % of enrollment in pre- education | 79% | 92% | 82% | 82% | 98.00% | 98% | 98.00% | |
| % of enrollment in primary education | 108% | 107% | 101% | 101% | 90% | 90% | 108% | |
| Adjusted net enrollment rate, in lower secondary education | 94% | 94% | 94% | 98% | 98% | 95.80% | 92% | |
| % of enrollment in secondary education | 96% | 96% | 96% | 96% | 98% | 98% | 94% | |
| % graduates (science, math, engineering, manufacturing, construction industries) at the higher education level | 14.20% | 13.90% | 14.40% | 19.70% | 22.00% | 22.00% | 27.70% | |
| % Graduates in science and engineering | 26.00% | 26.00% | 20.40% | 20.40% | 22.00% | 22.00% | 27.70% | |
| %Enrollment in tertiary | 22% | 22% | 37% | 37% | 33% | 33% | 60.80% | |
| Educational attainment, at least completed lower secondary, population 25+ years | 63% | 63% | 71% | 78% | 81% | 84.10% | 87.40% | |
| Educational attainment, at least completed primary education, population 25+ years | 74.80% | 74.80% | 83% | 87% | 91% | 93% | 93% | |
| Educational attainment, at least completed secondary, population 25+ years | 64.30% | 67.70% | 69% | 69% | 69% | 82% | 82% | |
| % of people have tertiary education | 22% | 22% | 22% | 37% | 37% | 34% | 34.80% | |
| Tertiary Education (score 0–100) | N100 | 68.3 | 49.2 | 59.1 | 56.6 | 57.5 | 66.4 | |
| Percentage of students from teachers at the primary was 25% from 2014 to 2017, while it decreased to 18.8% in 2021, however the proportion of students to teachers in secondary was 9.4% in 2020 and it increased to 10.6% in 2021, and in the tertiary education was 18.4% in 2020 and it increased to 18.6% in 2021. The number of educational and vocational training institutions 23 in 2021. The rate of literacy achieved 100% in 2021, while the rate of illiteracy achieved 6.8%. The percentage of graduates in science and engineering was increased to 31% in 2021 | ||||||||
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| R&D KPIs for education | ||||||||
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| Education components | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
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| Government spending on R&D | 6% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 10.30% | 10.30% | 10.30% | |
| Gross expenditure on R&D % GDP | 0.50% | 0.50% | 0.70% | 0.90% | 1.00% | 1.00% | 1.30% | |
| Research and Development (R&D) score 0–100) | 19.9 | 22.9 | 29.1 | 18.2 | 20.3 | 37.7 | 38.7 | |
| Research collaboration between University and Industry (score 0–100) | 63.2 | 62.1 | 62.1 | 58.5 | 57.9 | 55.7 | 59.9 | |
| Scientific and technical articles/bn-PPP$ GDP (score 0–100) | 5.1 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.9 | |
| Human capital and Research (score 0–100) | 62.1 | 53.9 | 40.7 | 51 | 46.5 | 52.4 | 54.6 | |
| Human capital and Research in the education (score 0–100) | 66.3 | 70.6 | 43.8 | 75.6 | 62.5 | 61.9 | 58.6 | |
| Percentage of female researchers was 33.3% in 2020, while it increased to 39% in 2021; however, 92 students from UAE University obtained researcher license in 2019. No. of researchers, FTE/MN, POP was 2,406.6 in 2018–2019, while it increased to 2,378.9 in 2020. The No increased to 3,145 in 2021. The scientific research legislation was 7.2 in 2020, while it increased to 7.7 in 2021. The UAE government is interested in supporting researchers, as it launched (Nation Fund) it’s a national platform for funding scientific research through three main programs (The Emirati Research – Applied and Development Research – Research Grants). The indicator of the scientific research institutions emergence achieved 0.015 in 2019, and the No of scientific research publications was 170.6 in 2019. The student mobility outbound achieved 1.31% in 2021. However, the international mobile students (men and women) from abroad studying in a given country (in tertiary education). Data can refer to the school or financial year prior or after the reference year achieved 8.4% in 2020 | ||||||||
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| Human capital KPIs for education | ||||||||
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| Human capital | Education components | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
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| Expected school years (Male) | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 14.1 | 14.1 | |
| Average years of schooling (Male) | 8.5 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 12.4 | 12.4 | |
| Expected school years (Female) | 13.9 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.8 | 14.8 | |
| Average years of schooling (Female) | 9.9 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 11.9 | 12 | 11.7 | 11.7 | |
| % of enrollment in pre- education (Female) | 108% | 90% | 108% | 108% | 108% | 95% | 95% | |
| % of enrollment in primary education (Female) | 98% | 107% | 97% | 97% | 97% | 98% | 98% | |
| % of enrollment in secondary education (Female) | 94% | 94% | 94% | 94% | 94% | 92% | 92% | |
| Educational attainment, at least completed primary education, population 25+ (Female) | 85% | 85% | 85% | 85.70% | 87.60% | 90.70% | 90.70% | |
| Educational attainment, at least completed primary education, population 25+ (Male) | 74% | 74% | 74% | 91% | 93% | 94.40% | 94.40% | |
| % Population at least have secondary education, aged 25 and over (Male) | 61.20% | 65.70% | 65.70% | 65.70% | 65.70% | 81% | 81% | |
| % Population at least have secondary education, aged 25 and over (Female) | 73.10% | 77.40% | 77.40% | 78.80% | 78.80% | 76% | 76% | |
| Educational attainment, at least completed upper secondary education, population 25+ (Male) | 44.70% | 44.70% | 44.70% | 68.60% | 70% | 71.60% | 71.60% | |
| % of graduates from tertiary education (Female) | 51% | 54% | 55% | 51.80% | 51% | 55% | 55% | |
| % graduates (science, math, engineering, manufacturing, construction industries) at the higher education level (Female) | 17.30% | 17.30% | 17.30% | 17.30% | 43.50% | 41.50% | 41.50% | |
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| Education components | 2014–2015 | 2015–2016 | 2016–2017 | 2017–2018 | 2018–2019 | 2019–2020 | ||
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| No. Teachers in public schools | 25923 | 26208 | 27210 | 30667 | 32498 | 32498 | ||
| No. Teachers in higher education Institutions | 7723 | 8249 | 6981 | 7297 | 8207 | 7916 | ||
| No. students in technical and government general education | 984,942 | 1,063,177 | 1,076,464 | 1,107,905 | 1,126,701 | 1,140,532 | ||
| No. Students in technical education | 9,734 | 8,315 | 9,061 | 10,417 | 9,230 | 8,505 | ||
| No. Students in government education | 274,393 | 277,733 | 280,841 | 287,725 | 288,794 | 286,550 | ||
| No. Students in private education | 687,214 | 755,882 | 777,459 | 793,295 | 810,537 | 826,993 | ||
| No. Students at home and elderly education | 13,601 | 21,247 | 9,103 | 16,468 | 18,140 | 18,484 | ||
| No. completion of studies and graduation in higher education | 24667 | 25285 | 22103 | 21644 | 22059 | 22059 | ||
| No. students dropped out in general education because marriage | 19 | 12 | 30 | 32 | 13 | 13 | ||
| Percentage of population have secondary education was 72.2% from 2010 to 2017, while it increased in 2020 to 99.7%. The percentage of female enrollment in tertiary education was 69% in 2020. The critical thinking in education achieved 5.09 in 2019. However, the rate of graduate’s skills reached 5.08 from 2019 to 2020. The educational level of the adult population was 54% in 2020. The percentage of uneducated (Female) was 13% in 2020. While the UAE did not achieve the Nobel Prizes, whether at the general or individual level. The gender parity in secondary attainment (distance from parity) was 0.20 in 2020. The education inequality, Gini co-efficient of education distribution among 15+ population, accounting for average years of schooling among the population was 0.22 in 2020 | ||||||||
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| Innovation knowledge KPIs for education | ||||||||
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| Innovation knowledge | Education components | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
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| Innovation knowledge and technology outputs value (global score 0–100) | 14.3 | 12 | 20.8 | 20.9 | 25.7 | 22.2 | 16.2 | |
| Citable documents H index | 87 | 100 | 112 | 9.4 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 12.2 | |
| Patent families (3), (2) + offices/bn- PPP$ GDP | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | |
| Percentage of knowledge transfer in the UAE between companies and universities reached 6.7 in 2020, while it increased to 7.08 in 2021. MOE launched an initiative with the aim of presenting the students innovative ideas. MOE sent 45 students to United States and Netherland with the aim of enabling them to learn about innovative tools in modern science. MOE launched innovation ambassadors with the participation of 200 teachers and 650 students from 2016 to 2018. MOE launched innovation competition for university students. Also, established the innovation pioneers award for students. Organized the National Science, Technology and Innovation festival with the participation of 498 students and 153 schools. The number of innovative student’s projects 400 from 2018 to 2020 | ||||||||
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| Education components | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | ||
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| No. Students participate an artificial intelligence and robotics competition | 35 | 731 | 1437 | 2595 | 3020 | 7144 | ||
| No. completion of studies and graduation in higher education | 24667 | 25285 | 22103 | 21644 | 22059 | 22059 | ||
| No. students dropped out in general education because marriage | 19 | 12 | 30 | 32 | 13 | 13 | ||
| MOE providing technological services in the educational environment, the percentage of primary and secondary schools equipped with the internet has reached 100% from 2014 to 2019. The individual digital and technologies skill in UAE was achieved 7.7 in 2020, while it was increased to 8.1 in 2021. MOE developed the smart educational environment, where it benefited 25,000 teachers and 300,000 students. The percentage of schools equipped with computers 100%. MOE launched Mohamed Bin Rashid Smart Education Project to include 150 schools. MOE established virtual education initiative in 2019 to include 25% for normal study cases, 25% for exceptional study cases and 100% for comprehensive education, also it included 335 pre-primaries and the percentage of teachers attended 98%. The percentage of schools applied virtual education was 99%. MOE launched 1,320 virtual learning communities with allocated 23,300 teachers. The number of virtual education workshop has reached 276. The number of virtual educational platforms provided for applied technology, innovative engineering, computing and artificial intelligence by reached 20 | ||||||||
Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Center, UAE Government Portal, Digital, UAE Government budget and expenditure UAE (FCSC) and Ministry of education (MOE) open data, 2020 World Bank, IBRD, World competitiveness ranking 2020–2021, UNDP (HDI) reports 2014–2020 and Global Innovation Index (GII) Reports 2014–2020.