TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristics | HC | T2DM | T2DM-CHD | P1 value (HC vs T2DM) | P2 value (HC vs T2DM-CHD) | P3 value (DM vs T2DM-CHD) |
| No. of Subjects | 143 | 134 | 126 | |||
| Age (years) | 60.3 ± 10.1 | 58.8 ± 10.1 | 60.8 ± 10.7 | 0.078 | 0.852 | 0.124 |
| Gender | 0.370 | 0.708 | 0.217 | |||
| Male | 98 (69) | 85 (64) | 89 (71) | |||
| Female | 45 (31) | 49 (36) | 37 (29) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 3.8 | 25.2 ± 3.7 | 26.2 ± 3.7 | 0.273 | 0.005 | 0.078 |
| Smoking | 1.90E-06 | 7.62E-13 | 0.009 | |||
| Yes | 22 (15) | 55 (41) | 72 (57) | |||
| No | 121 (85) | 79 (59) | 54 (43) | |||
| Drinking | 4.08E-07 | 4.79E-08 | 0.636 | |||
| Yes | 10 (7) | 41 (31) | 42 (33) | |||
| No | 133 (93) | 93 (69) | 84 (67) | |||
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 0.017 | |||||
| Yes | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 13 (10) | |||
| No | 143 (100) | 130 (97) | 113 (90) | |||
| Hypoglycemic drugs | 0.303 | |||||
| Yes | 0 (0) | 130 (97) | 119 (96) | |||
| No | 143 (100) | 4 (3) | 7 (6) | |||
| Hypotensive drugs | 7.85E-07 | |||||
| Yes | 0 (0) | 40 (30) | 76 (60) | |||
| No | 143 (100) | 94 (70) | 50 (40) | |||
| Duration of T2DM (years) | NA | 10.7 ± 7.7 | 10.5 ± 6.1 | 0.826 | ||
| Family history | ||||||
| No | 143 (100) | 65 (49) | 64 (51) | 0.713 | ||
| T2DM | 0 (0) | 55 (41) | 10 (8) | 7.21E-10 | ||
| Hypertension | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 13 (10) | 0.007 | ||
| CHD | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 14 (11) | 3.41E-04 | ||
| T2DM, hypertension | 0 (0) | 7 (5) | 11 (9) | 0.266 | ||
| T2DM, CHD | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 0.038 | ||
| Hypertension, CHD | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 7 (6) | 0.165 | ||
| T2DM, hypertension, CHD | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 0.072 |
Data was presented as mean ± SD or participant numbers (%), unless otherwise specified. P values were calculated by hypothesis testing. For continuous variables, the distribution of the variable was first assessed by the Shapiro–Wilk test. Bilateral student’s t-test was used for normally distributed data. While the Mann–Whitney U test was used for non-parametric data. For categorical variables, P values were calculated using the Chi-square test.