TABLE 3.
FA concentrations (mean ± SD) in different groups.
| FFAs | Abbreviation | Classification | HC (ng/mL) | T2DM (ng/mL) | T2DM-CHD (ng/mL) | P1 value (HC vs T2DM) | P2 value (HC vs T2DM-CHD) | P3 value (T2DM vs T2DM-CHD) |
| Propionic acid | FA 3:0 | 412.6 ± 107.8 | 408.0 ± 105.0 | 461.8 ± 113.8 | 0.673 | 2.90E-04&& | 4.52E-05** | |
| Butyric acid | FA 4:0 | 96.9 ± 16.5 | 101.6 ± 39.6 | 117.6 ± 29.9 | 0.400 | 1.01E-11&& | 2.59E-09** | |
| Pentanoic acid | FA 5:0 | 87.9 ± 22.0 | 98.4 ± 27.1 | 106.0 ± 28.0 | 0.001 | 3.71E-08&& | 0.017* | |
| Caproic acid | FA 6:0 | 363.1 ± 76.2 | 359.4 ± 81.4 | 412.3 ± 91.7 | 0.396 | 7.80E-06&& | 7.56E-07** | |
| Heptanoic acid | FA 7:0 | 477.2 ± 169.6 | 483.6 ± 172.8 | 508.7 ± 196.8 | 0.859 | 0.278 | 0.437 | |
| Octanoic acid | FA 8:0 | 36.6 ± 19.9 | 34.0 ± 30.0 | 34.8 ± 12.5 | 0.050 | 0.997 | 0.056 | |
| Non-anoic acid | FA 9:0 | 10.0 ± 3.2 | 10.0 ± 6.0 | 10.8 ± 4.1 | 0.060 | 0.102 | 0.003** | |
| Decanoic acid | FA 10:0 | 72.0 ± 63.1 | 51.3 ± 70.0 | 69.6 ± 54.8 | 4.62E-05 | 0.771 | 1.56E-05** | |
| Undecanoic acid | FA 11:0 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 3.2 ± 2.1 | 0.008 | 0.097 | 1.62E-05** | |
| Lauric Acid | FA 12:0 | 223.7 ± 190.8 | 164.6 ± 108.2 | 231.4 ± 147.0 | 0.003 | 0.155 | 3.02E-05** | |
| Myristic Acid | FA 14:0 | 858.9 ± 553.5 | 825.3 ± 533.3 | 1,693.7 ± 1,522.7 | 0.999 | 7.65E-08&& | 3.09E-08** | |
| 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z-Hexadecatetraenoic Acid | FA 16:4 | n3 | 47.7 ± 32.9 | 41.1 ± 37.6 | 52.9 ± 36.8 | 0.016 | 0.186 | 2.72E-04** |
| Palmitoleic Acid | FA 16:1 | 1,322.6 ± 962.0 | 1,314.8 ± 977.5 | 2,705.6 ± 2,727.8 | 0.745 | 1.14E-06&& | 1.16E-06** | |
| Palmitic Acid | FA 16:0 | 14,566.1 ± 6,108.5 | 15,656.6 ± 6,297.9 | 24,295.0 ± 13,625.1 | 0.137 | 9.42E-10&& | 5.31E-07** | |
| cis-10-Heptadecenoic Acid | FA 17:1 | 104.6 ± 71.4 | 114.7 ± 81.0 | 248.5 ± 269.0 | 0.270 | 6.31E-10&& | 1.04E-07** | |
| Heptadecanoic Acid | FA 17:0 | 198.8 ± 102.8 | 225.3 ± 120.3 | 419.4 ± 355.7 | 0.039 | 1.07E-11&& | 7.71E-08** | |
| Stearidonic Acid | FA 18:4 | n3 | 16.2 ± 15.6 | 13.4 ± 12.9 | 33.3 ± 50.5 | 0.070 | 2.45E-06&& | 8.95E-10** |
| α-Linolenic Acid | FA 18:3-n3 | n3 | 1,341.4 ± 759.0 | 1,294.8 ± 700.2 | 2,001.5 ± 1,284.2 | 0.820 | 7.69E-06&& | 2.28E-06** |
| γ-Linolenic Acid | FA 18:3-n6 | n6 | 188.2 ± 114.2 | 305.8 ± 1,061.2 | 452.8 ± 538.2 | 0.939 | 5.35E-10&& | 9.57E-10** |
| Linoleic Acid | FA 18:2 | n6 | 22,130.2 ± 10,977.1 | 23,278.3 ± 11,118.4 | 37,945.4 ± 21,482.2 | 0.358 | 1.52E-09&& | 5.56E-08** |
| Oleic Acid | FA 18:1 | 16,218 ± 8,467.2 | 18,019.8 ± 8,781.8 | 26,990.7 ± 14,207.2 | 0.073 | 2.30E-10&& | 3.50E-07** | |
| Stearic Acid | FA 18:0 | 6,227.1 ± 1,965.1 | 6,208.8 ± 1,937.8 | 8,202.2 ± 3,657.2 | 0.868 | 5.11E-06&& | 2.00E-06** | |
| Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) | FA 20:5 | n3 | 85.4 ± 80.6 | 80.7 ± 65.9 | 164.1 ± 224.4 | 0.689 | 4.29E-05&& | 6.07E-05** |
| Arachidonic Acid (AA) | FA 20:4 | n6 | 910.5 ± 599.0 | 960.0 ± 601.4 | 1,547.9 ± 1,391.5 | 0.380 | 2.54E-05&& | 4.54E-04** |
| Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid | FA 20:3 | n6 | 145.5 ± 100.5 | 149.0 ± 126.9 | 331.2 ± 351.0 | 0.751 | 2.58E-08&& | 8.03E-08** |
| 8Z,14Z-Eicosadienoic Acid | FA 20:2 | n6 | 233.3 ± 120.7 | 259.6 ± 136.0 | 487.1 ± 384.6 | 0.085 | 1.10E-10&& | 1.70E-07** |
| 11E-Eicosenoic Acid | FA 20:1 | 301.2 ± 176.0 | 349.7 ± 204.8 | 626.6 ± 551.5 | 0.034 | 3.90E-10&& | 2.34E-06** | |
| Arachidic Acid | FA 20:0 | 49.8 ± 18.1 | 66.7 ± 64.3 | 88.5 ± 86.7 | 0.302 | 1.08E-06&& | 1.36E-04** | |
| Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) | FA 22:6 | n3 | 468.0 ± 261.9 | 484.9 ± 255.9 | 775.5 ± 564.0 | 0.308 | 3.31E-07&& | 1.29E-05** |
| Docosapentaenoic Acid | FA 22:5-n3 | n3 | 244.7 ± 179.2 | 259.1 ± 180.4 | 605.9 ± 672.2 | 0.210 | 8.29E-10&& | 7.43E-08** |
| 4,7,10,13,16-Docosapentaenoic Acid | FA 22:5-n6 | n6 | 77.3 ± 53.4 | 76.5 ± 46.5 | 139.7 ± 133.0 | 0.509 | 1.86E-06&& | 1.29E-05** |
| 7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-Docosatetraenoic Acid | FA 22:4 | n6 | 279.6 ± 175.5 | 319.0 ± 194.6 | 631.8 ± 610.9 | 0.042 | 1.50E-11&& | 1.88E-07** |
| Docosatrienoic Acid | FA 22:3 | n3 | 6.7 ± 2.7 | 6.8 ± 3.5 | 11.5 ± 7.6 | 0.829 | 1.09E-09&& | 2.42E-09** |
| 13Z,16Z-Docosadienoic Acid | FA 22:2 | n6 | 9.3 ± 4.3 | 10.0 ± 4.8 | 16.4 ± 11.4 | 0.284 | 5.84E-09&& | 7.82E-07** |
| 13Z-Docosenoic Acid | FA 22:1 | 37.1 ± 45.4 | 32.1 ± 23.2 | 45.8 ± 39.6 | 0.923 | 7.94E-04&& | 4.15E-04** | |
| Docosanoic Acid | FA 22:0 | 7.8 ± 6.6 | 7.3 ± 3.4 | 11.0 ± 12.0 | 0.685 | 2.86E-04&& | 7.74E-05** |
Data was presented as mean ± SD, unless otherwise specified. P values were calculated by hypothesis testing. Data distribution was assessed by the Shapiro–Wilk test. Bilateral student’s t-test was used for normally distributed data. While the Mann–Whitney U test was used for non-parametric data. (&, *), P < 0.05; (&&, **), P < 0.01.