TABLE 2.

Summary of studies on medicines linked to ROS in gliomas.

Medicine	Type	Study design	Cell	Pathway	Result	Reference
Thymoquinone	Chemotherapeutic agent	in vitro	C6	PI3K/AKT	Proliferation↓ ROS↑ Apoptosis↑	Krylova et al. (2019)
Chidamide	HDAC inhibitor	in vitro	U87; HS683	miR-338-5p/ Hedgehog	ROS↑ Proliferation↓ Migration↓ Invasion↓	Zhou et al. (2020)
Atovaquone	Anti-malarial drug	in vivo, in vitro	U87-MG; LN-18, SF-188; SJ-GBM2	STAT3	ROS↑ Apoptosis↑	Takabe et al. (2018)
Ivermectin	Anthelmintic drug	in vitro	U87; T98G	Akt/mTOR	Angiogenesis↓ Cell growth↓ ROS↑	Liu et al. (2016)
Chloroquine	Anti-malarial drug	in vitro	U87; LN308; U118; U251; LN229	P53	ROS↑ Autophagic vacuoles accumulation	Geng et al. (2010)
Quinacrine	Antiprotozoal agent	in vivo, in vitro	C6; GSCs	Ras/MAPK	Survival period↑ ROS↑	Wang et al. (2017)
Quercetin	Flavonoid	in vitro	C6	-	oxidative stress↓	Ersoz et al. (2020)
Melatonin	Indolamine	in vitro	T98G; U251	NF-κB/MMPs	ROS↓ migration↓ invasion↓	Wang et al. (2012)
Chaetocin	Fungal metabolite	in vitro, in vivo	U87MG; U373; T98G	HMOX1/TRAIL;P53	ROS↑ apoptosis↑	Ozy erli-Goknar et al. (2019)
Celastrol	Triterpene compound	in vitro, in vivo	U251; U87-MG; C6	ROS/JNK Akt/mTOR	G2/M phase arrest; ROS, apoptosis and autophagy↑	Liu et al. (2019)
Osthole	Coumarin derivative	in vitro	U87; C6	RIP1/RIP3/MLKL	ROS↑ necroptosis↑	Huangfu et al. (2021)
Shikonin	Naphthoquinone	in vitro	C6; SHG-44; U87; U251	RIP1/RIP3	ROS↑ necroptosis↑	Lu et al. (2017)
Selenocysteine	Selenoamino acid	in vitro	U251; U87	MAPK/Akt	ROS↑ DNA damage↑	Wang et al. (2016)
Polyphyllin VI	Component derived from Chinese herb Paris polyphylla	in vivo, in vitro	U251; U343; LN229; U87; HEB	JNK/P38	ROS↑ autophagy↑ apoptosis↑ cell cycle arrest	Liu et al. (2020)
Chaetocin	A histone methyltransferase inhibitor	in vivo, in vitro	A172; T98G; U87-MG	ATM/YAP1; JNK	ROS↑ apoptosis↑	Dixit et al. (2014)
Deoxypodophyllotoxin	Major lignan of plant Anthriscus sylvestris phosphate	in vivo, in vitro	C6; SHG-44; U87	PARP1	ROS↑ cell death↑	Ma et al. (2016)
Cannabidiol	A non-toxic, non-psychoactive cannabinoid	in vivo, in vitro	U251; GSC lines 387 and 3832	p-p38	ROS↑ GSC survival↓ self-renewal↓ invasion↓	Singer et al. (2015)
Silibinin	A polyphenolic extract from silybum marianum	in vivo, in vitro	U87; U251; SHG-44; C6	Glycolysis; P53	GSH↓; H2O2↑; BNIP3↑	Wang et al. (2020)
Dicholoroacetate	Glycolytic inhibitor	in vivo, in vitro	Gl261; U-87 MG; U-251 MG; T98G	Glucose and FAO metabolic pathways	ROS↑ autophagy↑ DNA damage↑ apoptosis↑	McKelvey et al. (2021)
Ranolazine	Partial fatty acid oxidation inhibitor
MNPC	NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione-S-transferase Pi 1 (GSTP1) inhibitor	in vivo, in vitro	U87MG/EGFRVIII; U87-MG	PTEN/NQO1 GSTP1/ PI3K/Akt	Oxidative stress↑ apoptosis↑	Lei et al. (2020)