Table 7.

Robustness tests: substitution variables, sample size, and estimation model.

	Replace dependent variable	Replace dependent variable	Replace dependent variable	Replace independent variable	Replace independent variable	Change sample size	Change sample size	Change estimation model	Change estimation model
	Income poverty (1)	Asset poverty (2)	Replace the line of poverty to vulnerability (3)	Poverty (4)	Vulnerability (5)	Poverty (6)	Vulnerability (7)	Poverty (8)	Vulnerability (9)
Financial literacy	−0.2472***	−0.3296***	−0.1748***	−0.0956**	−0.1753***	−0.1595***	−0.3047***	−0.0364**	−0.2753***
	(0.0256)	(0.0297)	(0.0086)	(0.0065)	(0.0164)	(0.0225)	(0.0276)	(0.0162)	(0.0265)
Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Province fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	10,846	10,846	10,846	10,846	10,846	8,146	8,146	10,846	10,846

**, and *** denote significant at 5% and 1% levels, respectively.