Table 1.
Pharmacological functions of quercetin on AD.
| In vitro and in vivo model | Quercetin Dose | Mechanism | Effect factors | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3xTg-AD mouse | 100 mg/kg 2 w |
Prevents β-amyloid aggregation | CA1 and tau↓ | (47) |
| APP/PS1 mice | 2 mg/g 1 -13 m |
Reduce the Aβ and amyloid deposition and astrogliosis | APP, CTFβ, GFAP, Hevin and SPARC↓ p-Smad2 and p-STAT3↑ |
(55) |
| AD mice | 2 mg/g 16 w |
Reduce microglial cell aggregation around amyloid plaques | tau protein↓ | (48) |
| C57BL/6J female mice Atg5KD/SC100/HEK293 cells | 50 μM 12 h |
Reduce autophagy impairment or ER stress | eIF2α and ATF4↓ APP and IRE1α↑ |
(61) |
| APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse | 20, 40 mg/kg 16 w |
Activation of AMPK to improve AD | ROA↓ ATP, MMP and AMPK↑ |
(59) |
| Drosophila | 0.44 g/L 10 d |
Decrease extracellular β-amyloidosis, tauopathy, astrogliosis via FoxO signaling pathway | APP, cyclin B, BACE1, PS1/2, nicastrin, APH-1, PEN-2 ↓ | (64) |
| Primary Culture of Hippocampal Neurons | 20 μM 24 h |
Improves mitochondrial function, reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis induction through the Sirt1/PGC-1a axis | caspase-3↓ SIRT1, PGC-1α↑ |
(60) |
| PC12 cells | 10, 20, 40, 80 μM 24 h |
Promote cell proliferation, and antagonize the toxicity of Aβ via sirtuin1/Nrf2/HO-1 | LDH, AchE ↓ SOD, GSH-P, CAT, T-AOC, sirtuin1, Nrf2 and HO-1↑ |
(51) |
| HT22 cells | 5, 10 μM 24 h |
Enhancement of PI3K/Akt | PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP↓ GST, NQO1, Nrf2, ARE, JNK, AP-1, PI3K, Akt, GSK-3β↑ |
(52) |
| HT22 cells | 5, 10 μM 24 h |
Induce Tau protein activity and blocked the Ca2+ -calproteinase-p25-CDK5 signaling pathway | tau protein and Ca2+−calpain−p25−CDK5↓ | (44) |
| BV-2 microglia cells | 35 μM 24 h |
Activate BV-2 microglia at G2/M phase, mitigated inflammatory profile | iNOS, TNF, NF-κB, TLR, NLR, MHC II, CD11B/CR3, CD68↓ | (53) |
h, hours; d, days; w, weeks; m, months; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TLR, toll-like receptors; PGC-1α, proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha; SPARC, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine; ROA, Raman optical activity; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; eIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha; and ATF4, activating transcription factor 4. ↓ downregulation; ↑ upregulation.