Table 1.

Inputs, intermediate products, and outputs, and respective indicators per division $p$ of DMU $j$.

Type	Indicator	Description	Primary source (s)	Division (s)
Input ($m=4$)	Health expenditure, $x_{1j}$	Reports the amount of funds (in M€) spent by each country in health.	OECD $+$ WHO $+$ World Bank	1
	Costs with instruments used in COVID-19 diagnostic testing, $x_{2j}$	Corresponds to amount (in €) spent in instruments used for testing the existence of the SARS-CoV-2 in an individual in 2020.	Eurostat $+$ World Bank	2
	Costs with disinfection and sterilisation products, $x_{3j}$	Concerns the amount (in €) spent in products for disinfecting and sterilising activities in 2020.	Eurostat $+$ World Bank	4
	Costs with oxygen therapy equipment, $x_{4j}$	Relates to the amount (in €) spent in equipment used for oxygen therapy in 2020.	Eurostat $+$ World Bank	5
Desirable intermediate product ($h=1$)	Population that uses PPE, $z_j^{(1,2)}$	Matches the population that wears specialised equipment that protects the user against health risks in 2020.	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation $+$ Worldometer	1,2
	Population that does not use PPE, $q_j^{(1,2)}$	Matches the population that does not wear specialised equipment that protects the user against health risks in 2020.	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation $+$ Worldometer	1,2
Undesirable intermediate product ($k=4$)	Infected population, $q_j^{(2,3)}$	Counts the number of active infected individuals on 31/12/2020.	Our World in Data $+$ Worldometer	2,3
	Infected population that needs hospitalisation, $q_j^{(3,4)}$	Measures the number of infected individuals that required hospital care on 31/12/2020.	European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control	3,4
	Hospitalised population that needs treatment in the ICU, $q_j^{(4,5)}$	Measures the number of hospitalised individuals that required treatment in the ICU on 31/12/2020.	European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control $+$ Worldometer	4,5
	Non-infected population, $y_{1j}$	Counts the number of individuals on 31/12/2020 that have never been infected.	Our World in Data $+$ Worldometer	2
Desirable output ($s=4$)	Home recoveries, $y_{2j}$	Details the number of individuals on 31/12/2020 that recovered from COVID-19 at home.	European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control $+$ Our World in Data $+$ Worldometer	3
	Hospitalisation recoveries, $y_{3j}$	Details the number of individuals on 31/12/2020 that recovered from COVID-19 in non-ICU facilities.	–	4
	ICU recoveries, $y_{4j}$	Details the number of individuals on 31/12/2020 that recovered from COVID-19 in ICU facilities.	–	5
Undesirable output ($t=2$)	Hospitalisation deaths, $b_{1j}$	Details the number of individuals that perished from COVID-19 in non-ICU facilities on 31/12/2020.	–	4
	ICU deaths, $b_{2j}$	Details the number of individuals that perished from COVID-19 in ICU facilities on 31/12/2020.	–	5