Table 6.
Comparison of the changes of the serum levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers at baseline and 3 days after treatment between the 2 groups.
| Variable | Group | Baseline, mean ± SD | 72 h after treatment | Mean difference | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAT | ALC | 642.19 ± 95.54 | 675.61 ± 82.51 | 33.41 ± 94.48 | 0.04 |
| Placebo | 632.51 ± 103.66 | 641.37 ± 111.38 | 8.85 ± 122.64 | 0.67 | |
| p value | 0.68 | 0.15 | 0.35 | — | |
| GPX | ALC | 11.94 ± 7.02 | 15.43 ± 4.85 | 3.48 ± 8.52 | 0.02 |
| Placebo | 11.57 ± 6.40 | 12.40 ± 5.39 | 0.83 ± 3.61 | 0.18 | |
| p value | 0.81 | 0.01 | 0.09 | — | |
| MDA | ALC | 55.25 ± 18.05 | 54.20 ± 15.22 | −1.04 ± 18.10 | 0.74 |
| Placebo | 56.40 ± 20.04 | 56.12 ± 15.76 | −0.27 ± 14.78 | 0.91 | |
| p value | 0.80 | 0.60 | 0.84 | — | |
| NO | ALC | 70.18 ± 12.47 | 66.48 ± 11.61 | −3.70 ± 10.33 | 0.04 |
| Placebo | 72.10 ± 11.66 | 69.94 ± 10.33 | −2.16 ± 9.30 | 0.17 | |
| p value | 0.51 | 0.19 | 0.51 | — | |
| SOD | ALC | 1.00 ± 0.48 | 1.40 ± 0.62 | 0.39 ± 0.61 | <0.001 |
| Placebo | 0.97 ± 0.50 | 1.04 ± 0.51 | 0.06 ± 0.46 | 0.40 | |
| p value | 0.80 | 0.01 | 0.01 | — | |
| TAC | ALC | 107.35 ± 46.52 | 152.90 ± 62.34 | 45.54 ± 71.76 | <0.001 |
| Placebo | 111.88 ± 51.29 | 122.56 ± 49.05 | 10.68 ± 70.96 | 0.37 | |
| p value | 0.70 | 0.02 | 0.04 | — | |
| TTG | ALC | 296.61 ± 170.61 | 352.76 ± 175.43 | 56.15 ± 197.96 | 0.10 |
| Placebo | 313.64 ± 149.07 | 335.23 ± 195.39 | 21.58 ± 172.43 | 0.46 | |
| p value | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.44 | — | |
| IL-6 | ALC | 20.89 ± 6.68 | 16.67 ± 8.34 | −4.21 ± 10.52 | 0.02 |
| Placebo | 23.05 ± 4.68 | 20.89 ± 6.98 | −2.16 ± 7.31 | 0.08 | |
| p value | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.35 | — | |
| NSE | ALC | 15.53 ± 4.28 | 13.44 ± 2.80 | −2.08 ± 3.82 | <0.001 |
| Placebo | 16.18 ± 12.63 | 16.43 ± 15.42 | 0.24 ± 5.07 | 0.77 | |
| p value | 0.77 | 0.27 | 0.03 | — | |
| TNF-α | ALC | 16.23 ± 7.39 | 10.48 ± 5.85 | −5.57 ± 9.06 | 0.001 |
| Placebo | 16.50 ± 15.19 | 15.85 ± 13.88 | −0.64 ± 4.78 | 0.43 | |
| p value | 0.92 | 0.04 | <0.001 | — | |
| ICAM-1 | ALC | 3.50 ± 1.05 | 2.58 ± 0.89 | −0.93 ± 1.69 | 0.001 |
| Placebo | 3.20 ± 1.24 | 3.15 ± 1.06 | −0.05 ± 0.86 | 0.72 | |
| p value | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.003 | — | |
| Total L-carnitine | ALC | 5.97 ± 0.99 | 7.65 ± 2.53 | 1.67 ± 2.42 | <0.001 |
| Placebo | 6.50 ± 1.65 | 6.55 ± 1.70 | 0.05 ± 1.32 | 0.81 | |
| p value | 0.11 | 0.03 | <0.001 | — |
Note: ALC = acetyl-L-carnitine; SD = standard deviation; TTG = total thiol groups; TAC = total antioxidant capacity; MDA = malondialdehyde; NO = nitric oxide; CAT = catalase activity; GPX = glutathione peroxidase; TNF = tumor necrosis factor-alpha; SOD = superoxide dismutase; IL6 = interleukin-6; ICAM-1 = intercellular adhesion molecule-1; NSE = neuron-specific enolase. The significant p value is shown in bold type.