Figure 2.

T cell-mediated antitumor effects by chimeric antigen receptors (CAR). Engineered CAR T-cells can recognize tumor cells by CAR binding to tumor-associated antigen (TAA), signaling activation and targeting the tumor cells by secreting granzymes, and perforins, and inducing TRAIL and FasL expression. CAR T-cells can be used as an ideal platform to deliver immune checkpoint therapeutic antibodies, such as anti-PD1 and CTLA-4 antibodies. CC-chemokine receptor 2; CD, cluster of differentiation; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; and TCR, T cell receptor. Immune cells invade the tumor by activating proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Created with BioRender.com.