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. 2022 Jul 14;54(8):1103–1116. doi: 10.1038/s41588-022-01113-z

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Genomic region and association results (ORs) for 79 genotyped or confidently imputed (r² > 0.8) markers associated (logistic regression, P < 0.05) with hospitalized compared to nonhospitalized (mild) COVID-19 in patients of European (blue dots) or African (red dots) ancestries. The COVID-19 susceptibility GWAS lead SNP (rs10774671) is included, although it is not significantly associated in patients of African ancestry (P = 0.079). A blue highlight indicates the OAS1 region with markers significantly associated in both ancestries. b, LD (r²) plots of the region in COVID-19 patients of European and African ancestries. Darker shading in the plots indicates stronger correlations between markers. c, Single-marker and haplotype association analyses in patients with hospitalized compared to nonhospitalized COVID-19 performed with logistic regression and omnibus haplotype tests, respectively, controlling for sex, age, squared mean-centered age and 20 principal components. The GGGT haplotype comprised of ancestral alleles of the corresponding markers is shared with the Neandertal lineage of archaic humans and is protective from hospitalized COVID-19 in COVNET patients of European and African ancestries. Regional LD plots (r², 14-kb region) are shown for the OAS1 region associated with protection from hospitalized COVID-19. Full association results for individual variants and haplotypes are provided in Supplementary Tables 1–4.