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. 2022 Aug 5;13(8):681. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-05089-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Treatment of OA-derived chondrocytes with sEVs derived from Cx43-overexpressing T/C-28a2 chondrocytes (sEVs-T/C-Cx43) for 48 h increased the number of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) positive cells. n = 6–9, one-way ANOVA. b The gene expression levels of the senescence marker p16 gene (n = 4, Student’s t test), as well as the protein levels as p53 (n = 3, one-way ANOVA), p21 (n = 2) and p16 (n = 3, one-way ANOVA) markers were upregulated in OA-derived chondrocytes after a 48-h treatment with sEVs derived from Oligo-treated OA-derived chondrocytes (hCx43-sEVs). c The treatment of OA-derived chondrocytes with sEVs derived from Cx43-overexpressing T/C-28a2 chondrocytes (sEVs-T/C-Cx43) for 48 h lead to increased p53 protein levels (n = 3, one-way ANOVA) and the gene expression of p16 (n = 5, one-way ANOVA) and p21 (n = 4, one-way ANOVA). d Schematic representation and timeline followed for siRNA transfection in Cx43-overexpressing T/C-28a2 chondrocytes. siRNA targeting p53 (sip53) and a siRNA control (siSCR) were transfected into the Cx43-overexpressing T/C-28a2 cell line. sEVs were collected 72 h after transfection and immediately used to treat primary chondrocytes for 48 h. e P53 RNA-analysis in sip53 knockdown in T/C28a2 chondrocytes overexpressing Cx43, compared to siSCR in the same cell type. n = 3, Student’s t test. f RNA expression levels of p53, p21 in OA primary chondrocytes after treatment with sEVs for 48 h. g Heatmap showing the expression levels of different p53-targets and NF-kB SASP factors after sEVs treatment for 48 h, n = 3. h sEVs derived from Cx43-overexpressing T/C-28a2 chondrocytes (sEVs-T/C-Cx43) promoted NF-kβ activation in OA-derived chondrocytes, as detected by the increased number of nuclear NF-kβ positive cells. n = 3, one-way ANOVA. i RNA expression analysis of different SASP components showed upregulation in OA-derived chondrocytes after 48-h treatment with sEVs-T/C-Cx43. n = 4–7, one-way ANOVA. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M., *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.0001.