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. 2022 Aug 5;12:13503. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17755-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Different omics analyses result in different pathway signatures. Adjusted p-values of the 10 pathways with highest significance in the respective analyses were comparatively evaluated. Statistical significance is reached at − log10(adj. p-value) > 1.3 (i.e., adj. p-value < 0.05). We compared the pathway analysis results of the ten pathways with the lowest adjusted p-values from: (A) proteomics alone (PROT), (B) mRNA-seq alone (MRNA), and (C) multiomics analysis (PROT + MRNA + MIR). The large differences in adjusted p-value differences between PROT and MRNA in A and B are consistent with very disparate results for their respective pathway signature. (D) Percentages of the biological categories attributed to the 50 most significantly affected pathways captured by proteomics, mRNA, and miRNA or their combinations.