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. 2022 Jul 22;13:921728. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921728

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Copyright © 2022 Yap, Ueda, Kanemitsu, Takeda, Fukumitsu, Fukuda, Uemura, Tajiri, Ohkubo, Maeno, Ito, Oguri, Ugawa and Niimi

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) on IL6 release. SP alone did not increase IL6 release [(-)-WD–SP]. Preexposure to SP did not affect TNFα-induced IL6 release [(-)-WD–TNF vs. SP–WD–TNF], but co-stimulation of SP with TNFα significantly increased IL6 release [(-)-WD–TNF vs. (-)-WD–SP/TNF] (P < 0.05). Preexposure to Poly (I:C) did not affect the TNFα-induced IL6 release. N = 6. Values with * were defined significant when compared to (-)-WD-(-) while *above bar were significant between two variables.