Fig. 5.

Effects of flavonols on the activation of NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Cells were pretreated with flavonols for 4 h and induced with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 30 min. The protein expression levels of p-IκBα, IκBα, p-p65, and p65 were measured by western blotting from total cell lysates in Fis (A), Que (B), and Myr (C). The level of nuclear p65 in cells treated with Fis (D), Que (E), and Myr (F) was tested by western blotting. Lamin B was used as internal loading controls. Immunofluorescence staining of nuclear p65 was observed by confocal microscopy (G). Red fluorescence represented p65 protein and blue fluorescence (DAPI) indicated nuclei. Values were mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 versus LPS, ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001, and ^####P < 0.0001 versus Control. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)