Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population.
| Characteristic | Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, No. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorado (n = 4717) | Bavaria (n = 47 253) | |||
| Yes (n = 1524) | No (n = 3193) | Yes (n = 2862) | No (n = 44 391) | |
| Autoantibodies present | ||||
| Multiple islet autoantibodies | 7 (0.46) | 14 (0.44) | 8 (0.28) | 133 (0.31) |
| Single high-affinity islet autoantibody | 11 (0.74) | 15 (0.47) | 4 (0.14) | 50 (0.11) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 767 (50.3) | 1607 (50.3) | 1410 (49.3) | 21 670 (48.8) |
| Male | 757 (49.7) | 1586 (49.7) | 1452 (50.7) | 22 721 (51.2) |
| Age group, y | ||||
| 1.0-4.9 | 381 (25.0) | 868 (27.2) | 1610 (56.3) | 29 537 (66.5) |
| 5.0-11.9 | 651 (42.7) | 1473 (46.1) | 1252 (43.7) | 14 854 (33.5) |
| 12.0-18.0 | 492 (32.3) | 852 (26.7) | NA | NA |
| First-degree relative with type 1 diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 49 (3.2) | 188 (5.9) | 111 (3.9) | 1555 (3.5) |
| No | 1475 (96.8) | 3005 (94.1) | 2751 (96.1) | 42 836 (96.5) |
| Race and ethnicitya | ||||
| African American | 114 (7.5) | 208 (6.5) | ||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 27 (1.8) | 47 (1.5) | ||
| Asian American | 23 (1.5) | 99 (3.1) | ||
| Hispanic | 1004 (65.9) | 1198 (37.5) | ||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 4 (0.3) | 7 (0.2) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 287 (18.8) | 1400 (43.8) | ||
| Other | 43 (2.8) | 138 (4.3) | ||
| Unknown | 22 (1.4) | 55 (1.7) | ||
| Received SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (before or after COVID-19 infection) | ||||
| Yes | 192 (12.6) | 345 (10.8) | None has received vaccine | |
| No | 1317 (86.4) | 2844 (89.1) | ||
| Unknown | 15 (1.0) | 4 (0.1) | ||
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
a
“Other” was one of the categories from which parents could choose in the survey. Race and ethnicity were not collected in Bavaria.