Table 2.
Characteristics according to quartile of maternal miso intake during pregnancy (n = 64,200)
| Quartile of miso intake | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (low) | 2 | 3 | 4 (high) | Total | |||||||
| Median intake of miso, g/day | 10.0 | 32.1 | 88.4 | 225.0 | |||||||
| Mean intake of energy, cal | 1,620 | 1,697 | 1,752 | 1,868 | 1,736 | ||||||
| Age at childbirth, years | 31.4 | 31.4 | 31.9 | 31.7 | 31.6 | ||||||
| Previous childbirth | Nulliparous | 7,798 | (47.6) | 5,902 | (43.0) | 7,250 | (40.3) | 6,068 | (37.7) | 27,018 | (42.1) |
| Multiparous | 8,603 | (52.5) | 7,818 | (57.0) | 10,738 | (59.7) | 10,023 | (62.3) | 37182 | (57.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | <18.5 | 829 | (5.1) | 684 | (5.0) | 952 | (5.3) | 753 | (4.7) | 3,218 | (5.0) |
| 18.5–<25 | 12,940 | (78.9) | 10,989 | (80.1) | 14,653 | (81.5) | 12,852 | (79.9) | 51,434 | (80.1) | |
| ≥25 | 2,632 | (16.1) | 2,047 | (14.9) | 2,383 | (13.3) | 2,486 | (15.5) | 9,548 | (14.9) | |
| Education level | Junior high school or high school | 5,491 | (33.5) | 4,310 | (31.4) | 5,412 | (30.1) | 5,377 | (33.4) | 20,590 | (32.1) |
| Technical junior college, technical/vocational college or associate degree | 7,062 | (43.1) | 6,041 | (44.0) | 7,921 | (44.0) | 6,994 | (43.5) | 28,018 | (43.6) | |
| Bachelor’s degree, postgraduate degree | 3,848 | (23.5) | 3,369 | (24.6) | 4,655 | (25.9) | 3,720 | (23.1) | 15,592 | (24.3) | |
| Annual household income, JPY | <4 million | 6,579 | (40.1) | 5,360 | (39.1) | 6,511 | (36.2) | 6,047 | (37.6) | 24,497 | (38.2) |
| 4–<6 million | 5,374 | (32.8) | 4,624 | (33.7) | 6,233 | (34.7) | 5,555 | (34.5) | 21,786 | (33.9) | |
| ≥6 million | 4,448 | (27.1) | 3,736 | (27.2) | 5,244 | (29.2) | 4,489 | (27.9) | 17,917 | (27.9) | |
| Marital status | Married (including common law marriage) | 16,092 | (98.1) | 13,536 | (98.7) | 17,808 | (99.0) | 15,916 | (98.9) | 63,352 | (98.7) |
| Divorced or widowed | 136 | (0.8) | 89 | (0.7) | 93 | (0.5) | 87 | (0.5) | 405 | (0.6) | |
| Others | 173 | (1.1) | 95 | (0.7) | 87 | (0.5) | 88 | (0.6) | 443 | (0.7) | |
| Alcohol intake | Never | 14,963 | (91.2) | 12,574 | (91.7) | 16,586 | (92.2) | 14,831 | (92.2) | 58,954 | (91.8) |
| Ex-drinker | 731 | (4.5) | 608 | (4.4) | 770 | (4.3) | 692 | (4.3) | 2,801 | (4.4) | |
| One to three times/month | 476 | (2.9) | 380 | (2.8) | 449 | (2.5) | 383 | (2.4) | 1,688 | (2.6) | |
| Once a week or more | 231 | (1.4) | 158 | (1.2) | 183 | (1.0) | 185 | (1.2) | 757 | (1.2) | |
| Smoking status | Never | 9,851 | (60.1) | 8,525 | (62.1) | 11,221 | (62.4) | 9,910 | (61.6) | 39,507 | (61.5) |
| Ex-drinker | 3,755 | (22.9) | 3,150 | (23.0) | 4,195 | (23.3) | 3,757 | (23.4) | 14,857 | (23.1) | |
| One to three times/month | 2,157 | (13.2) | 1,611 | (11.7) | 2,096 | (11.7) | 1,970 | (12.2) | 7,834 | (12.2) | |
| Once a week or more | 638 | (3.9) | 434 | (3.2) | 476 | (2.7) | 454 | (2.8) | 2,002 | (3.1) | |
| Employed | No | 8,507 | (51.9) | 7,361 | (53.7) | 9,562 | (53.2) | 8,141 | (50.6) | 33,571 | (52.3) |
| Yes | 7,894 | (48.1) | 6,359 | (46.4) | 8,426 | (46.8) | 7,950 | (49.4) | 30,629 | (47.7) | |
| Sex of the child | Boy | 8,059 | (49.1) | 6,668 | (48.6) | 8,778 | (48.8) | 7,961 | (49.5) | 31,466 | (49.0) |
| Girl | 8,342 | (50.9) | 7,052 | (51.4) | 9,210 | (51.2) | 8,130 | (50.5) | 32,734 | (51.0) | |
| Nursery | No | 5,810 | (35.4) | 4,961 | (36.2) | 6,624 | (36.8) | 6,021 | (37.4) | 23,416 | (36.5) |
| Yes | 10,591 | (64.6) | 8,759 | (63.8) | 11,364 | (63.2) | 10,070 | (62.6) | 40,784 | (63.5) | |
| Location where the baby sleeps at night | In the parent's bed | 13,666 | (83.3) | 11,581 | (84.4) | 15,103 | (84.0) | 13,615 | (84.6) | 53,965 | (84.1) |
| In a baby bed located in the parent's room | 2,489 | (15.2) | 1,960 | (14.3) | 2,662 | (14.8) | 2,261 | (14.1) | 9,372 | (14.6) | |
| In a baby bed located in a room other than the bedroom of his/her parents | 188 | (1.2) | 132 | (1.0) | 167 | (0.9) | 144 | (0.9) | 631 | (1.0) | |
| Other | 58 | (0.4) | 47 | (0.3) | 56 | (0.3) | 71 | (0.4) | 232 | (0.4) | |
| Birth weight, g | 3,027 | 3,025 | 3,027 | 3,036 | 3,029 | ||||||
| Gestational weeks | 39.3 | 39.3 | 39.3 | 39.2 | 39.3 | ||||||
| Eating dairy products | Yes | 15,979 | (97.4) | 13,366 | (97.4) | 17,546 | (97.5) | 15,699 | (97.6) | 62,590 | (97.5) |
| No | 422 | (2.6) | 354 | (2.6) | 442 | (2.5) | 392 | (2.4) | 1,610 | (2.5) | |
| Disease | No | 9,676 | (59.0) | 8,074 | (58.9) | 10,740 | (59.7) | 9,566 | (59.5) | 38,056 | (59.3) |
| Yes | 6,725 | (41.0) | 5,646 | (41.2) | 7,248 | (40.3) | 6,525 | (40.6) | 26,144 | (40.7) | |
| Birth month | 1 | 1,140 | (7.0) | 1,030 | (7.5) | 1,418 | (7.9) | 1,339 | (8.3) | 4,927 | (7.7) |
| 2 | 970 | (5.9) | 974 | (7.1) | 1,329 | (7.4) | 1,159 | (7.2) | 4,432 | (6.9) | |
| 3 | 1,059 | (6.5) | 993 | (7.2) | 1,491 | (8.3) | 1,367 | (8.5) | 4,910 | (7.7) | |
| 4 | 1,047 | (6.4) | 1,045 | (7.6) | 1,504 | (8.4) | 1,357 | (8.4) | 4,953 | (7.7) | |
| 5 | 1,138 | (6.9) | 1,094 | (8.0) | 1,551 | (8.6) | 1,397 | (8.7) | 5,180 | (8.1) | |
| 6 | 1,168 | (7.1) | 1,058 | (7.7) | 1,473 | (8.2) | 1,372 | (8.5) | 5,071 | (7.9) | |
| 7 | 1,450 | (8.8) | 1,207 | (8.8) | 1,595 | (8.9) | 1,505 | (9.4) | 5,757 | (9.0) | |
| 8 | 1,697 | (10.4) | 1,380 | (10.1) | 1,811 | (10.1) | 1,614 | (10.0) | 6,502 | (10.1) | |
| 9 | 1,877 | (11.4) | 1,433 | (10.4) | 1,694 | (9.4) | 1,563 | (9.7) | 6,567 | (10.2) | |
| 10 | 1,915 | (11.7) | 1,307 | (9.5) | 1,538 | (8.6) | 1,287 | (8.0) | 6,047 | (9.4) | |
| 11 | 1,510 | (9.2) | 1,142 | (8.3) | 1,264 | (7.0) | 1,040 | (6.5) | 4,956 | (7.7) | |
| 12 | 1,430 | (8.7) | 1,057 | (7.7) | 1,320 | (7.3) | 1,091 | (6.8) | 4,898 | (7.6) | |