Table 3.
Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for risk of 3-year-old children sleeping less than 10 h per night according to quartile of maternal fermented food intake during pregnancy (n = 64,200)
| Quartile of fermented food intake | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (low) | 2 | 3 | 4 (high) | for trend | |
| Median intake of miso, g/day | 10.0 | 32.1 | 88.4 | 225.0 | |
| Total, n | 16,401 | 13,720 | 17,988 | 16,091 | |
| Cases, n | 1,238 | 943 | 1,279 | 1,219 | |
| Crude odds ratio | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.90 (0.83–0.99) | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 1.00 (0.93–1.09) | 0.809 |
| Adjusted odds ratio | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.84–1.00) | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 0.863 |
| Median intake of yogurt, g/day | 8.0 | 25.7 | 60.0 | 120.0 | |
| Total, n | 16,933 | 14,471 | 14,210 | 18,586 | |
| Cases, n | 1,236 | 1,064 | 1,042 | 1,337 | |
| Crude odds ratio | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 0.98 (0.91–1.07) | 0.689 |
| Adjusted odds ratio | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 0.674 |
| Median intake of cheese, g/day | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.3 | 10.0 | |
| Total, n | 15,404 | 16,357 | 16,912 | 15,527 | |
| Cases, n | 1,190 | 1,231 | 1,212 | 1,046 | |
| Crude odds ratio | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.90–1.06) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted odds ratio | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.85 (0.78–0.94) | <0.001 |
| Median intake of natto, g/day | 0.0 | 3.3 | 10.7 | 25.0 | |
| Total, n | 11,477 | 15,293 | 22,114 | 15,316 | |
| Cases, n | 869 | 1,151 | 1,557 | 1,102 | |
| Crude odds ratio | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.089 |
| Adjusted odds ratio | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 0.93 (0.86–1.02) | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.133 |
Adjusted for energy intake, maternal age during pregnancy, previous childbirth, body mass index (BMI) at 1 month after childbirth, maternal education level, annual household income, marital status at 6 months after childbirth, alcohol intake at 1 month after childbirth, smoking status at 1 month after childbirth, employment status at 1 year after childbirth, sex of the child, attendance at nursery (at 1 year of age), the location where the child slept at night (at 1 year of age), birth weight, gestational age, eating dairy products at 3 years of age, presence of any disease (up to 3 years of age), and date (month) of birth