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. 2022 Aug 6;19:55. doi: 10.1186/s12989-022-00492-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Eco-coronas (top) and bio-coronas (bottom) on M/NP. The natural components in the environment can be adsorbed on the surface of M/NP and form eco-coronas, which consist of metal ions (Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, Pd²⁺, etc.), inorganic salts (Na⁺, Cl⁻, etc.), natural organic matters (HAs, FAs, etc.), and persistent organic pollutants (PCBs, PAHs, etc.). When this M/NP encounters biological systems, it may interact with abundant biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to replace some of the constituents in eco-coronas and form bio-coronas on surface. The corona structures offer new environmental or biological identities for M/NP and impact its distribution, migration, degradation, interaction targets, cellular internalization and toxicity in organisms. Adapted and reprinted with permission from [120].