Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population at randomization
| Variable | EE | E | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 55 | 55 | |
| Age, years | 58 ± 6 | 58 ± 8 | 0.580 |
| Gender male, % | 73 | 69 | 0.821 |
| T2D duration, years | 10 (10) | 9 (10) | 0.181 |
| CVD, % | 6 (11) | 3 (5.8) | 0.841 |
| Hypertension, % | 67 | 76 | 0.538 |
| Prior smoking habit, % | 45 | 38 | 0.556 |
| Sedentarism, % | 38 | 36 | 0.876 |
| Statin use, % | 100 | 100 | 1.000 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 72 ± 10 | 72 ± 10 | 0.860 |
| Office SBP, mmHg | 135 ± 15 | 134 ± 14 | 0.783 |
| Office DBP, mmHg | 82 ± 8.4 | 81 ± 10 | 0.884 |
| 24 h SBP, mmHg | 124 ± 16 | 127 ± 6.1 | 0.937 |
| 24 h DBP, mmHg | 74 ± 8.7 | 72 ± 0.9 | 0.650 |
| Body weight, Kg | 87 ± 17 | 87 ± 15 | 0.902 |
| Height, m | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 0.423 |
| Body Mass Index, Kg/m2 | 31 ± 5.1 | 31 ± 4.2 | 0.800 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 105 ± 14 | 106 ± 15 | 0.343 |
| Biochemical analysis | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14 ± 1.2 | 14 ± 1.2 | 0.301 |
| Fasting Blood Glucose, mg/dL | 172 (60) | 167 (58) | 0.917 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.8 (1.2) | 8.1 (0.9) | 0.583 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 84 ± 13 | 83 ± 13 | 0.915 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 41 (12) | 36 (12) | 0.037 |
| VLDL-C, mg/dL | 33 (22) | 32 (20) | 0.592 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 166 (110) | 163 (108) | 0.507 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.205 |
| Urea | 32 (14) | 32 (14) | 0.822 |
| C-Reactive Protein, mg/dL | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.706 |
| AST, U/L | 18 (7) | 19 (9) | 0.480 |
| ALT, U/L | 23 (11) | 25 (18) | 0.254 |
| FMD, mm | |||
| 1-min | 2.50 (1.64) | 2.70 (2.16) | 0.156 |
| 2-min | 1.75 (1.65) | 1.83 (2.22) | 0.797 |
| 3-min | 1.12 (2.38) | 1.07 (2.08) | 0.988 |
| 4-min | 0.37 (1.21) | 0.26 (1.10) | 0.720 |
| 5-min | 0.00 (0.25) | 0.00 (0.14) | 0.468 |
| AUC | 3.87 (5.620 | 5.08 (5.87) | 0.862 |
| Blood velocity parameters | |||
| PSV | |||
| 0-min | 73.35 (27.70) | 78.43 (30.80) | 0.879 |
| 1-min | 79.44 (28.90) | 81.98 (31.20) | 0.988 |
| 5-min | 72.75 (27.50) | 73.57 (24.20) | 0.940 |
| EDV | |||
| 0-min | 4.75 (3.20) | 4.34 (5.40) | 0.556 |
| 1-min | 6.39 (4.90) | 5.36 (4.90) | 0.593 |
| 5-min | 3.36 (3.50) | 3.97 (4.00) | 0.517 |
| Plasma biomarkers of endothelial function | |||
| Nitrate | |||
| 0-min | 26.70 (13.20) | 27.60 (13.40) | 0.085 |
| 1-min | 27.30 (12.60) | 27.00 (11.10) | 0.505 |
| 5-min | 26.40 (12.00) | 25.70 (11.10) | 0.393 |
| Nitrite | |||
| 0-min | 0.65 (1.84) | 0.65 (1.64) | 0.722 |
| 1-min | 0.84 (1.60) | 0.78 (1.74) | 0.820 |
| 5-min | 0.81 (1.43) | 0.91 (1.47) | 0.582 |
| Plasma biomarkers of vascular inflammation | |||
| Isoprostane, pg/mL | 15.65 (6.13) | 15.22 (5.41) | 0.176 |
| sVCAM1, ng/mL | 411.65 (0.60) | 411.80 (0.90) | 0.709 |
T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus; CVD, cardiovascular disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; PSV, peak systolic velocity; EDV, end-diastolic velocity; sVCAM1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1