TABLE 2.
Associations of metabolites with GDM and PE in reference to the lowest tertile1
| Unadjusted | Multivariable adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest | Middle | Highest | Lowest | Middle | Highest | |
| GDM | ||||||
| Cord TMAO | Ref. | 1.11 (0.63, 1.94) | 0.94 (0.52, 1.69) | Ref. | 0.92 (0.51, 1.68) | 0.88 (0.47, 1.63) |
| Cord choline | Ref. | 0.99 (0.58, 1.71) | 0.61 (0.33, 1.11) | Ref. | 0.92 (0.52, 1.62) | 0.52 (0.27, 0.99) |
| Cord betaine | Ref. | 0.69 (0.38, 1.23) | 0.82 (0.47, 1.42) | Ref. | 0.55 (0.30, 1.03) | 0.68 (0.37, 1.24) |
| Cord carnitine | Ref. | 0.78 (0.45, 1.37) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.21) | Ref. | 0.68 (0.38, 1.23) | 0.55 (0.30, 1.02) |
| Maternal TMAO | Ref. | 1.19 (0.69, 2.03) | 1.92 (1.16, 3.17) | Ref. | 1.12 (0.64, 1.94) | 1.75 (1.04, 2.94) |
| Maternal choline | Ref. | 0.87 (0.53, 1.42) | 0.89 (0.54, 1.45) | Ref. | 0.74 (0.45, 1.22) | 0.78 (0.47, 1.30) |
| Maternal betaine | Ref. | 0.98 (0.61, 1.59) | 0.81 (0.49, 1.34) | Ref. | 0.88 (0.53, 1.43) | 0.76 (0.45, 1.28) |
| Maternal carnitine | Ref. | 0.95 (0.59, 1.53) | 0.72 (0.43, 1.20) | Ref. | 0.83 (0.51, 1.35) | 0.63 (0.37, 1.07) |
| PE | ||||||
| Cord TMAO | Ref. | 1.45 (0.83, 2.55) | 1.44 (0.82, 2.53) | Ref. | 1.45 (0.80, 2.62) | 1.21 (0.66, 2.23) |
| Cord choline | Ref. | 2.01 (1.03, 3.92) | 3.66 (1.96, 6.81) | Ref. | 1.70 (0.85, 3.40) | 3.11 (1.62, 5.96) |
| Cord betaine | Ref. | 1.38 (0.71, 2.71) | 3.32 (1.84, 5.98) | Ref. | 1.24 (0.62, 2.48) | 2.65 (1.42, 4.93) |
| Cord carnitine | Ref. | 1.29 (0.67, 2.49) | 3.16 (1.77, 5.64) | Ref. | 1.17 (0.59, 2.31) | 2.56 (1.39, 4.69) |
| Maternal TMAO | Ref. | 1.09 (0.71, 1.69) | 1.15 (0.75, 1.76) | Ref. | 1.06 (0.67, 1.67) | 0.97 (0.61, 1.55) |
| Maternal choline | Ref. | 1.08 (0.71, 1.64) | 0.86 (0.55, 1.32) | Ref. | 1.11 (0.71, 1.73) | 0.87 (0.54, 1.38) |
| Maternal betaine | Ref. | 0.57 (0.38, 0.85) | 0.37 (0.24, 0.58) | Ref. | 0.52 (0.34, 0.80) | 0.37 (0.23, 0.59) |
| Maternal carnitine | Ref. | 1.09 (0.68, 1.73) | 1.44 (0.82, 2.53) | Ref. | 1.18 (0.72, 1.92) | 1.86 (1.18, 2.94) |
1
Values are ORs (95% CIs). Multivariable-adjusted models adjusted for maternal age (y; continuous), race/ethnicity (black, white, Hispanic, other), educational attainment (less than high school, high school or equivalent, greater than high school), marital status (unmarried, married), prepregnancy BMI (in kg/m2; continuous), parity (0, ≥1), chronic prepregnancy hypertension (no/yes), and prepregnancy diabetes (no/yes; for PE models only). GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; PE, pre-eclampsia; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.