Table 2.
First Stage results of IV 2SLS estimation.
| Dependent Variable: Cumulative COVID cases – State Level |
I - RURAL |
II - URBAN |
III - ALL INDIA |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta | Std Error | Beta | Std Error | Beta | Std Error | |
| Distance from Thrissur | -0.0001 *** | 0.0000 | -0.0002 *** | 0.0000 | -0.0002 *** | 0.0000 |
| Length of transmission | -0.0229 *** | 0.0001 | -0.0157 *** | 0.0001 | -0.018 *** | 0.0001 |
| Sector (=1 Urban, =0 Rural) | -0.381 *** | 0.0225 | ||||
| Urban * Lagged Log(MPCE) | 0.0603 *** | 0.003 | ||||
| Lagged Food Exp Share | -0.0029 *** | 0.0001 | -0.0031 *** | 0.0001 | -0.0032 *** | 0.0001 |
| Lagged Log(MPCE) | 0.2321 *** | 0.0433 | 0.3314 *** | 0.0275 | 0.1622 *** | 0.0224 |
| Lagged Log(MPCE)^ 2 | -0.0348 *** | 0.0029 | -0.035 *** | 0.0018 | -0.0326 *** | 0.0015 |
| Age of head of household | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0015 *** | 0.0001 | 0.0011 *** | 0.0001 |
| Household CompositionRef: Balanced Households | ||||||
| Children Dominated | 0.0209 *** | 0.0037 | 0.0301 *** | 0.0028 | 0.0286 *** | 0.0022 |
| Grownups Dominated | 0.0292 *** | 0.0032 | 0.0171 *** | 0.0022 | 0.0207 *** | 0.0018 |
| Household size | -0.0198 *** | 0.0011 | -0.0059 *** | 0.0008 | -0.0115 *** | 0.0006 |
| Household Education groupRef: All of some illiterates | ||||||
| Graduates majority | -0.061 *** | 0.0034 | -0.0073 *** | 0.0023 | -0.0191 *** | 0.0019 |
| Matriculates majority | -0.0204 *** | 0.0029 | -0.0229 *** | 0.0024 | -0.0237 *** | 0.0018 |
| Household Occupation(Farmers =1, Non-Farmer =0) | 0.0634 *** | 0.0026 | 0.0507 *** | 0.0054 | 0.0673 *** | 0.0023 |
| Gender of head of household(Female=1, Male=0) | -0.0047 | 0.0038 | 0.0096 *** | 0.0025 | 0.005 ** | 0.0021 |
| Household CasteRef: Unreserved | ||||||
| OBC | -0.0465 *** | 0.0031 | -0.0979 *** | 0.002 | -0.084 *** | 0.0017 |
| SC | -0.0231 *** | 0.0037 | -0.0454 *** | 0.0026 | -0.0392 *** | 0.0021 |
| ST | -0.034 *** | 0.005 | -0.1445 *** | 0.0055 | -0.0917 *** | 0.0036 |
| Household ReligionRef: Hindu | ||||||
| Muslim | 0.0184 *** | 0.0049 | 0.0071 *** | 0.003 | 0.008 *** | 0.0025 |
| Sikh | -0.1795 *** | 0.0068 | -0.2432 *** | 0.005 | -0.2189 *** | 0.004 |
| Christian | -0.296 *** | 0.0091 | -0.3418 *** | 0.0066 | -0.3313 *** | 0.0053 |
| Other | 0.3252 *** | 0.0149 | 0.4344 *** | 0.0079 | 0.4172 *** | 0.007 |
| Price Ratios | ||||||
| Vegetables to Cereals&Pulses | -0.0497 *** | 0.011 | 0.0137 *** | 0.0078 | -0.0117 * | 0.0064 |
| Sugar to Cereals&Pulses | 0.0895 *** | 0.0175 | -0.0162 *** | 0.0129 | 0.0385 *** | 0.0104 |
| Milk to Cereals&Pulses | -0.0683 *** | 0.0094 | -0.283 *** | 0.0071 | -0.2092 *** | 0.0057 |
| Oil to Cereals&Pulses | -0.0902 *** | 0.0042 | -0.033 *** | 0.0032 | -0.0571 *** | 0.0025 |
| Time Dummies | YES | YES | YES | |||
| Constant | 2.0584 | 0.1629 | 1.18 | 0.1085 | 1.8581 | 0.0873 |
| R-squared | 0.9606 | 0.96 | 0.9602 | |||
| No. of observations | 1,149.440 | 2,328,047 | 3,477,487 | |||
| Test of excluded instruments: | F( 2,1149406) = 30,939.49 | F( 2,2328013) = 43,951.64 | F( 2,2328013) = 74,890.13 | |||
| Prob > F = 0.0000 | Prob > F = 0.0000 | Prob > F = 0.0000 | ||||
***p < 0.00, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1