Table 3.
Second stage results of IV estimation.
| Dependent Variable: Food Expenditure Shares in Total |
I - RURAL |
II - URBAN |
III - ALL INDIA |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta | Std Error | Beta | Std Error | Beta | Std Error | |
| Log (Covid Cases in a State) | -0.8198 *** | 0.0279 | -0.2466 *** | 0.0222 | -0.413 *** | 0.0173 |
| Sector (=1 Urban, =0 Rural) | -0.3572 ** | 0.1508 | ||||
| Urban * Lagged Log(MPCE) | -0.0367 * | 0.02 | ||||
| Lagged Food Exp Share | 0.584 *** | 0.0009 | 0.5698 *** | 0.0007 | 0.5754 *** | 0.0005 |
| Lagged Log(MPCE) | -5.2566 *** | 0.2999 | 6.7771 *** | 0.1815 | 3.6045 *** | 0.1497 |
| Lagged Log(MPCE)^ 2 | 0.2985 *** | 0.0201 | -0.4977 *** | 0.0117 | -0.2907 *** | 0.0101 |
| Age of head of household | 0.0172 *** | 0.0008 | 0.0009 * | 0.0006 | 0.0058 *** | 0.0005 |
| Household CompositionRef: Balanced Households | ||||||
| Children Dominated | 0.5848 *** | 0.0254 | 0.5624 *** | 0.0187 | 0.5612 *** | 0.015 |
| Grownups Dominated | 0.136 *** | 0.0219 | 0.2106 *** | 0.0146 | 0.1852 *** | 0.0122 |
| Household size | -0.136 *** | 0.0074 | 0.0021 | 0.0052 | -0.0505 *** | 0.0043 |
| Household Education groupRef: All of some illiterates | ||||||
| Graduates majority | -1.3221 *** | 0.0233 | -2.0575 *** | 0.0149 | -1.8544 *** | 0.0124 |
| Matriculates majority | -0.7206 *** | 0.02 | -0.7874 *** | 0.0155 | -0.7529 *** | 0.0122 |
| Household Occupation(Farmers =1, Non-Farmer =0) | -0.7912 *** | 0.018 | -0.4486 *** | 0.0353 | -0.8021 *** | 0.0153 |
| Gender of head of household(Female=1, Male=0) | 0.6318 *** | 0.0267 | 0.6458 *** | 0.0166 | 0.6416 *** | 0.0141 |
| Household CasteRef: Unreserved | ||||||
| OBC | 0.6435 *** | 0.0215 | 0.57 *** | 0.0133 | 0.6168 *** | 0.0113 |
| SC | 1.3281 *** | 0.0254 | 1.0173 *** | 0.0171 | 1.1512 *** | 0.0141 |
| ST | 0.6392 *** | 0.0343 | 0.3474 *** | 0.0363 | 0.4574 *** | 0.024 |
| Household ReligionRef: Hindu | ||||||
| Muslim | 1.2783 *** | 0.0339 | 1.2423 *** | 0.0196 | 1.2855 *** | 0.0169 |
| Sikh | -2.2367 *** | 0.0459 | -1.0646 *** | 0.0334 | -1.4339 *** | 0.0269 |
| Christian | -1.1684 *** | 0.0646 | -0.1694 *** | 0.043 | -0.3908 *** | 0.0354 |
| Other | 0.1461 | 0.1034 | -0.7518 *** | 0.0529 | -0.5066 *** | 0.0471 |
| Price Ratios | ||||||
| Vegetables to Cereals&Pulses | -1.5632 *** | 0.0759 | -3.0066 *** | 0.0512 | -2.5183 *** | 0.0425 |
| Sugar to Cereals&Pulses | 2.4811 *** | 0.1153 | 1.7928 *** | 0.0803 | 2.0733 *** | 0.0656 |
| Milk to Cereals&Pulses | 0.9973 *** | 0.0635 | 1.5773 *** | 0.0477 | 1.3273 *** | 0.0379 |
| Oil to Cereals&Pulses | 0.4334 *** | 0.0276 | 0.2672 *** | 0.0198 | 0.3328 *** | 0.016 |
| Time Dummies | YES | YES | YES | |||
| Constant | 37.0143 | 1.1306 | -6.3405 | 0.7131 | 5.7792 | 0.5836 |
| R-squared | 0.431 | 0.4582 | 0.4543 | |||
| No. of observations | 1149440 | 2328047 | 3477487 | |||
| Sargan-Hansen J stat (overidentification test of all instruments) | Chi-sq(1): 134.001 | Chi-sq(1): 1078.693 | Chi-sq(1): 930.556 | |||
| P-val = 0.00 | P-val = 0.00 | P-val = 0.00 | ||||
***p < 0.00, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1