Table 1.
Demographics, vaccination status, traits of menstruation, medications, perceptions, and knowledge about menstrual irregularities due to COVID-19 vaccine.
| N (%) | χ2 | p-value (bivariate) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare worker | 1.966 | 0.162 | |
| Yes | 314 (61.6) | ||
| No | 196 (38.4) | ||
| Country of residence | 22.783 | 0.001 | |
| India | 195 (38.2) | ||
| Pakistan | 178 (34.9) | ||
| USA | 67 (13.1) | ||
| Bangladesh | 18 (3.5) | ||
| Nepal | 13 (2.5) | ||
| Canada | 7 (1.4) | ||
| Ecuador | 6 (1.2) | ||
| Cyprus | 5 [1] | ||
| UK | 5 [1] | ||
| Malaysia | 2 (0.4) | ||
| UAE | 2 (0.4) | ||
| Bolivia | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Dominica | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Germany | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Guyana | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Italy | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Japan | 1 (0.2) | ||
| KSA | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Kuwait | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Nigeria | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Oman | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Sint Maarten | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Venezuela | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Vaccinated | 0.002 | 0.965 | |
| Yes | 493 (96.7) | ||
| No | 17 (3.3) | ||
| Doses received to complete the vaccination | 1.923 | 0.443 | |
| Completed after one dose | 49 (9.6) | ||
| Completed after two doses | 335 (65.7) | ||
| Incomplete after one dose | 126 (24.7) | ||
| Age on first period | – | 0.585 | |
| Age (Mean ± SD) | 13.14 ± 2.768 | ||
| Periods the last 12 months | 8.032 | 0.238 | |
| My periods have stopped | 9 (1.8) | ||
| They have been irregular for a few months | 84 (16.5) | ||
| They have never been regular | 417 (81.8) | ||
| Cause of irregular periods before being vaccinated | 22·438 | 0·680 | |
| Currently breastfeeding | 4 (0.8) | ||
| Currently pregnant | 9 (1.8) | ||
| Dietary cause | 9 (1.8) | ||
| Environmental cause | 7 (1.4) | ||
| Exercise | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Physiological hormonal changes | 11 (2.2) | ||
| On treatment (e.g., hormonal IUD, contraceptive implants) | 31 (6.1) | ||
| Menopause | 16 (3.1) | ||
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 98 (19.2) | ||
| Pre-menopause | 2 (0.4) | ||
| Stress | 35 (6.9) | ||
| Recent weight fluctuation | 10 [2] | ||
| Not applicable | 277 (54.3) | ||
| Usual interval between periods or the usual interval between periods before they became irregular or stopped | 2.037 | 0.792 | |
| Less than 24 days | 45 (8.8) | ||
| 24–26 days | 100 (19.6) | ||
| 24–26 days | 171 (33.5) | ||
| 30–32 days | 142 (27.8) | ||
| More than 35 days | 52 (10.2) | ||
| Change in the length of cycle between periods after getting vaccinated for COVID-19 | 66.913 | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 93 (18.2) | ||
| No | 417 (81.8) | ||
| Periods sooner or later after getting vaccinated | 40.143 | 0.024 | |
| Later | 92 [18] | ||
| Same | 366 (71.8) | ||
| Sooner | 52 (10.2) | ||
| Periods after being vaccinated | 4.936 | 0.626 | |
| 0 | 42 (8.2) | ||
| 1 | 175 (34.3) | ||
| 2 | 130 (25.5) | ||
| 3 | 85 (16.7) | ||
| 4 | 50 (9.8) | ||
| 5 | 23 (4.5) | ||
| 6 | 5 [1] | ||
| Witnessed heavier or lighter bleeding during periods after getting vaccinated | 17.365 | <0.001 | |
| Heavier | 50 (9.8) | ||
| Lighter | 74 (14.5) | ||
| Same | 386 (75.7) | ||
| Bleeding for more or fewer days after getting vaccinated, as compared to periods in the last 12 months | 22.922 | <0.001 | |
| Fewer days | 58 (11.4) | ||
| More days | 36 (7.1) | ||
| Same | 416 (81.6) | ||
| Consumed any medications that could impact periods (e.g., OCPs or NSAIDs) in the last 12 months before being vaccinated | 6.981 | 0.008 | |
| Yes | 99 (19.4) | ||
| No | 411 (80.6) | ||
| Consumed any medications to help with periods (e.g., OCPs or NSAIDS) after being vaccinated | 0.577 | 0.449 | |
| Yes | 90 (17.6) | ||
| No | 420 (82.4) | ||
| Thoughts about menstrual irregularities possibly caused by the COVID-19 vaccine | 91.924 | <0.001 | |
| Strongly agree | 13 (2.5) | ||
| Agree | 20 (3.9) | ||
| Don't know | 151 (29.6) | ||
| Disagree | 120 (23.5) | ||
| Strongly disagree | 86 (16.9) | ||
| Not applicable | 120 (23.5) | ||
| Heard of menstrual irregularities following the COVID-19 vaccination from friends, family, or colleagues | reference | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 88 (17.3) | ||
| No | 422 (82.7) |