Morphological characteristics |
Smaller mitochondria, decreased mitochondrial ridge |
Autolysosome |
Cells became round, chromatin is condensed and fragmented, and cytoplasm shrunk |
Other features |
Iron ion aggregation, cell membrane rupture |
No obvious changes in the nucleus and membrane |
Cell shrinks, cytoplasm flows out, and membrane vacuoles |
Detection index |
ROS, PTGS↑; NADPH↓ |
LC3-I→LC3II |
Caspase↑; intracellular Ca2+↑ |
Positive regulatory factor |
Erastin, RSL3, RAS, Sorafenib, p53 |
ATG family, Beclin1 |
P53, Bax, Bak, TGF-β, radiation, dexamethasone |
Negative regulatory factor |
GPX4, FSP1, SLC7A11, Nrf2, ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, DFO |
mTOR, 3-methyladenine, wortmannin, Spautin1 |
Bcl-2, Bcd-XL, Z-VAD-FMK, IL-4 |