Table 1.
Psychological ill-being and well-being, and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of study participants (n = 152)
| Variable | n | Mean (SD) or n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 16th gestational week | ||
| Age (years) | 152 | 32.9 (4.6) |
| Low back pain (VAS) | 152 | 22.2 (24.5) |
| Educational Status, n (%) | 152 | |
| Low educational status | 17 (11.2) | |
| Medium educational status | 45 (29.6) | |
| High educational status | 90 (59.2) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 152 | |
| Married/with partner | 90 (59.2) | |
| Divorced/Single/widow | 62 (40.8) | |
| Working status, n (%) | 152 | |
| Working | 104 (68.4) | |
| Not working | 48 (31.6) | |
| Number of miscarriages, n (%) | 152 | |
| 0 | 89 (58.6) | |
| 1 | 44 (28.9) | |
| 2 | 16 (10.5) | |
| 3 or more | 3 (2.0) | |
| Mediterranean diet adherence (4–35) | 152 | 20.6 (5.0) |
| Psychological ill-being | ||
| Negative Affect (PANAS-S, 10–50)a | 141 | 17.3 (6.7) |
| Anxiety (STAI-S, 20–80)b | 140 | 14.2 (9.0) |
| Depression risk score (CES-D, 0–60)c | 117 | 11.2 (8.1) |
| Depression (yes)d (n%) | 117 | 30 (25.6) |
| Psychological well-being | ||
| Emotional Attention (TMMS-A, 8–40)e | 142 | 25.39 (6.2) |
| Emotional Clarity (TMMS-C, 8–40)f | 142 | 30.56 (4.9) |
| Emotional Regulation (TMMS-R, 8–40)g | 142 | 30.02 (5.2) |
| Resilience (CD-RISC, 0–40)h | 138 | 30.21 (5.2) |
| Positive Affect (PANAS-S, 10–50)i | 141 | 34.33 (6.6) |
| 34th gestational week | ||
| Psychological ill-being | ||
| Negative Affect (PANAS-S, 10–50)a | 115 | 18.62(7.0) |
| Anxiety (STAI-S, 20–80)b | 109 | 17.0 (10.9) |
| Depression risk score (CES-D, 0–60)c | 117 | 13.27 (7.7) |
| Depression (yes)d (n%) | 117 | 44 (37.6) |
| Psychological well-being | ||
| Emotional Attention (TMMS-A, 8–40)e | 119 | 25.60 (5.9) |
| Emotional Clarity (TMMS-C, 8–40)f | 119 | 30.38 (5.3) |
| Emotional Regulation (TMMS-R, 8–40)g | 119 | 30.11 (5.1) |
| Resilience (CD-RISC, 0–40)h | 112 | 30.08 (5.1) |
| Positive Affect (PANAS-S, 10–50)i | 115 | 33.0 (7.6) |
Values shown as mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise is indicated
SD standard deviation, VAS visual analogue scale
aHigher scores reflect greater emotional distress
bHigher values reflect greater levels of anxiety
cHigher scores indicate the presence of more depressive symptomatology
dCut-off score of 16 is indicative of potential depression
eHigher scores reflect greater attention
fHigher scores reflect greater clarity
gHigher scores reflect greater regulation
hHigher scores indicate a greater resilience
iHigher scores reflect greater affective emotional health/experience