Table 2.
The reported clinical trials using MSCs from AT, BM, and UC in the treatment of respiratory diseases
| Year | Disease | MSC source | No. of MSC-treated patients | Efficacy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015258 | ARDS | BM | 2 | - Failed to improve after both standard life support measures, including mechanical ventilation, and additional measures, including extracorporeal ventilation |
| 2015259 | ARDS | BM | 9 | - Safety evaluation without secondary outcomes |
| 2019260 | ARDS | BM | 60 | - Increase Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III, minute ventilation, and PEEP |
| - No difference in mortality between the treatment and control group. | ||||
| 2020261 | ARDS | UC | 9 | - Reduction of inflammation |
| - Increase in immune cells | ||||
| 2021262 | ARDS | UC | 9 | - Reduction of inflammation |
| - Increase clinical outcomes | ||||
| 2018486 | BPD | BM | 2 | - No improvement after the treatment |
| 2014213 | BPD | UC | 9 | - Reduction in inflammation |
| - Improvement in respiratory severity score | ||||
| 2020215 | BPD | UC | 4 | - Reduction in fibrosis |
| - All treated patients recovered | ||||
| 2021216 | BPD | UC | 12 | - Reduction in inflammation |
| - Improvement in secondary outcomes | ||||
| 2021216 | BPD | UCB | 33 | - No significant improvement in the primary outcomes between the two groups. |
| - Severe BPD patients were significantly improved with MSC transplantation. | ||||
| 2015226 | COPD | AD | 8 | - Safety and feasibility |
| 2017225 | COPD | AD | 12 | - Safety |
| 2018224 | COPD | BM | 9 | - Fail to migrate to areas of emphysematous remodeling in the lung |
| - Reduction of systemic immunological response | ||||
| 2011218 | COPD | BM | 4 | - Improvement in Psychological condition and quality of life, and clinical condition |
| 2013219 | COPD | BM | 4 | - Improvement in FVC, 6MWD, and DLCO |
| 2013220 | COPD | BM | 30 | - Improvement in FVC, FEV1, 6MWD, and – Reduction in inflammation |
| 2017221 | COPD | BM | 5 | - Improvement in FVC, TLC, 6MWD, and DLCO |
| 2020230 | COPD | UC | 5 | - Improvement in SGRQ symptom, activity, and impact scores |
| 2020263 | COPD | UC | 20 | - Improvement in FEV1, FCV, 6MWT, but not significant |
| - Improvement in Modified Medical Research Council and COPD assessment test in all patients | ||||
| 2021175 | COVID-19 | UC | 65 | - Decrease in lung lesion proportion |
| 2020235 | COVID-19 | UC | 16 | - Improvement in oxygenation index |
| - Increase in the number of lymphocytes | ||||
| - Reduction in inflammation | ||||
| 2020238 | COVID-19 | UC | 12 | - Clinical improvement |
| - Increase the number of lymphocytes | ||||
| - Decrease in inflammatory cytokines and CRP | ||||
| - Improvement in CT score | ||||
| 2020239 | COVID-19 | UC | 1 | - Improvement in renal function |
| - Increase in the number of lymphocytes | ||||
| 2020243 | COVID-19 | UC | 9 | - Improvement in PaO2/FiO2 and CT score |
| - Decrease inflammatory cytokine levels | ||||
| 2020248 | COVID-19 | UC | 6 | - Reduction in dyspnea, serum inflammatory cytokines |
| - Increase in Sp02 | ||||
| - Improvement in CT score | ||||
| 2021242 | COVID-19 | UC | 31 | - Reduction in inflammation |
| - Improvement in CRP and CT score | ||||
| 2021247 | COVID-19 | UC | 12 | - Increase patients ‘survival |
| - Reduction in inflammatory cytokines | ||||
| 2021249 | COVID-19 | UC | 29 | - Maintenance of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and immune homeostasis |
| - Reduction in CRP, proinflammatory cytokines, neutrophil extracellular traps | ||||
| 2021250 | COVID-19 | UC | 65 | - Reduction in lung lesion |
| - Increase 6MWD | ||||
| - Improve CT score | ||||
| 2021251 | COVID-19 | UC | 210 | - Increase high survival |
| - Improvement in SaO2 | ||||
| 2020237 | COVID-19 | WJ | 1 | - Decrease in inflammatory cytokines and CRP |
| - Increase in number of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ | ||||
| 2021240 | COVID-19 | WJ | 5 | - Reduction in inflammation |
| - Improvement in CRP and CT score | ||||
| 2021245 | COVID-19 | WJ | 10 | - Improvement in CRP |
| - Decrease in inflammation | ||||
| 2019487 | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | BM | 10 | - Improvement in FVC, 6MWD, and DLCO |
| 2016222 | LVES | BM | 7 | - Improvement in FEV1 |
| - Increase in number of CD3+ in alveolar septa and CD31+ in the alveolar septum, |
6MWD 6-min walk distance, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary dysplasia, CRP C-reactive protein, CT computed tomography scan, DLCO diffusing capacity for CO, FCV flow-controlled ventilation, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen, FVC forced vital capacity, PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, SGRQ St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, TLC total lung capacity