. 2022 Aug 6;7:272. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01134-4

Table 5.

Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of MSC sources in a preclinical setting

Study name	Time	Disease	Intervention			Treatment outcomes	Effective cell sources
Study name	Time	Disease	Source	Dose	Route	Treatment outcomes	Effective cell sources
Comparison of Transplantation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (BMSC) and Stem Cell Mobilization by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rat.⁴⁹⁰	2010	Traumatic Brain Injury	BM-MSCs and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)	2 × 10⁶ cells	IV	Significant improvement in functional outcome. The recovery of motor and sensory score was faster and more tangible after injection of BMSC and G-CSF.	No significant difference between two sources.
Comparison of mesenchymal stromal cells from human bone marrow and adipose tissue for the treatment of spinal cord injury⁴⁹¹	2013	Spinal cord injury	Human BM-MSCs vs. AT-MSCs	2 × 10⁵ cells	Inject into injured spinal cord	Increase BDNF levels in the injured spinal cord, reduce lesion cavity volume and microglia/macrophage infiltration Induce angiogenesis, axonal regeneration Improve behavioral performance.	Both AT- and BM-MSCs migrated to the injured spinal cord without differentiating into glial or neuronal cells. AT-MSCs significantly increases BDNF levels more than in BM-MSCs group.
Human bone marrow-derived and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells for alleviating neuropathic pain in a spinal cord injury model.⁴⁹²	2016	Spinal cord injury	Human BM-MSCs vs. UC-MSCs	1 × 10⁶ cells	Dorsal horn of the spinal cord injection	MSC administration resulted in improving functional recovery, allodynia, and hyperalgesia.	BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs show similar effectiveness in alleviating the symptoms of neuropathic pain and improve motor function. Survival rate and electrophysiological findings of UC-MSC were significantly better than BM-MSC.
Comparison of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Isolated from Murine Adipose Tissue and Bone Marrow in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury.⁴⁹³	2018	Spinal cord injury	Mice AT-MSCs vs. BM-MSCs	1 × 10⁵ cells	T9-T10 total laminectomy	Promoted axonal regeneration and blood vessel formation in injury epicenter. Improved the motor function.	Survival rate of AT-MSCs was higher than BM-MSCs. AT-MSCs transplantation protected neuronal/vascular better than BM-MSCs The motor function was equally improved following moderate spinal cord injury in both groups. No significant improvement in the severe spinal cord in either group.
Comparison of bone marrow-vs. adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells for attenuating liver fibrosis.⁴⁹⁴	2017	Liver fibrosis	Rat AT-MSCs vs. BM-MSCs	5 × 10⁶ cells	portal vein	Attenuate liver fibrosis by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), as well as promoting the apoptosis of HSCs.	No significant difference between two sources.
Bone marrow or adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells: Comparison of the therapeutic potentials in mice model of acute liver failure.⁴⁹⁵	2018	Acute liver failure	Murine AT-MSCs vs. BM-MSCs.	1 × 10⁶ cells	IV	Improved histopathological score of liver tissue, reduced serum concentration of ALT and AST, and led to increase in survival rate.	AT-MSCs were more effective in preventing hepatic enzyme rise (lower level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)).
Mesenchymal stem cells provide better results than hematopoietic precursors for the treatment of myocardial infarction.⁴⁹⁶	2010	Myocardial infarction	Human BM-MSCs vs. Human CD34+ Hematopoietic stem cells.	1.2 × 10⁶ BM-MSCs 6 × 10⁵ CD34+ cells	IV	Both cell types induced an improvement in LV cardiac function and increased tissue cell proliferation in myocardial tissue and neoangiogenesis. However, MSC were more effective for the reduction of infarct size and prevention of ventricular remodeling.	Mesenchymal stem cells might be more effective than CD34+cells for the healing of the infarct
Cell origin of human mesenchymal stem cells determines a different healing performance in cardiac regeneration⁴⁹⁷	2011	Myocardial infarction	AT-MSCs BM-MSCs UC-MSCs	4 × 10⁵ cells/animal	intramyocardial injection	The findings suggests that hMSC originating from different sources showed a different healing performance in cardiac regeneration.	CD105+ hMSC exhibited a favorable survival pattern in infarcted hearts, which translates into a more robust preservation of cardiac function
Mesenchymal stromal cells mediate a switch to alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages after acute myocardial infarction⁴⁹⁸	2011	Myocardial infarction	human umbilical cord perivascular cells vs. hBM-MSCs	2 × 10⁶ cells	IV	In the presence of either cell types, overall macrophage/monocyte levels were reduced, including proinflammatory M1-type macrophages, while the proportion of alternatively activated M2-type macrophages was significantly increased in the circulation and heart but not the BM. Moreover, we found decreased expression of IL-1β and IL-6, increased IL-10 expression, and fewer apoptotic cardiomyocytes without changes in angiogenesis in the infarct area. Fractional shortening was enhanced 2 weeks after cell infusion but was similar to medium controls 16 weeks after MI.	No significant difference between two sources.
Wharton’s jelly or bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells improve cardiac function following myocardial infarction for more than 32 weeks in a rat model: a preliminary report⁴⁹⁹	2013	Myocardial infarction	Mouse Wharton’s jelly MSCs vs. Mouse BM-MSCs.	4–10 × 10⁶ cells	IV	MSCs administered at 24–48 hr after MI have a significant and durable beneficial effect more than 25 weeks after MI and that MSC treatment can home to damaged tissue and improve heart function after intravenous infusion 24–48 hrs after MI, and that WJCs may be a useful source for off-the-shelf cellular therapy for MI.	WJCs might be more advantageous than BM-MSCs as an allogeneic cell source.
Comparison of human adipose-derived stem cells and bone marrow-derived stem cells in a myocardial infarction model.⁵⁰⁰	2014	Myocardial infarction	AT-MSCs BM-MSCs	1 × 10⁶ cells	intramyocardial injection	After 4 weeks, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was improved in the adipose-derived stem cell group, and scar wall thickness was greater compared with the saline group. Adipose-derived, as well as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, prevented left ventricular end-diastolic dilation	Adipose-derived stem cells from a human ischemic patient preserved cardiac function following MI, whereas this could not be demonstrated for bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, with only adipose-derived stem cells leading to an improvement in LVEF.
Mechanical and Chemical Predifferentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Into Cardiomyocytes and Their Effectiveness on Acute Myocardial Infarction⁵⁰¹	2018	Myocardial infarction	AT-MSCs BM-MSCs	1 × 10⁶ cells	intramyocardial injection	The results demonstrated significant scar size reduction and greater recovery of left ventricle ejection fraction after transplantation of predifferentiated cells, although the differences were not significant when comparing mechanically with chemically predifferentiated MSCs.	No significant difference between two sources.
Comparative Study of the Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue and Bone Marrow on Acute Myocardial Infarction Model⁵⁰²	2019	Myocardial infarction	AT-MSCs BM-MSCs	2 × 10⁶ cells	intramyocardial injection	MSC therapy repaired cardiac functions shown by the restoration of ST segment, QT and QRS intervals in the ECG when compared to the AMI group. Infarct area was significantly decreased, and cardiac tissue regeneration signs were shown on histopathological examination.	No significant difference between two sources.