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. 2022 Aug 6;17:376. doi: 10.1186/s13018-022-03265-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — The flow chart of the main steps in our experiment. ¹Human donors (n = 34) included 1 thoracic vertebral body (T₁₂), 19 lumbar vertebral bodies (L_1–5), 5 sacral bones (S_1–5), and 9 femoral heads. ²Cylindrical samples (Ø6 × 12 mm, n = 86) were obtained using a tenon cutter and a stationary drilling machine, including 63 samples obtained from spinal vertebral bodies and 23 samples collected from femoral heads. ³Saline-immersed group: the samples from the left and middle sides of spinal vertebral bodies and femoral heads. ²Acetone and saline-treated group: the samples from the respective right side of spinal vertebral bodies and femoral heads