TABLE 2.
Cardiac differentiation method
| Year of publication | Publication | Differentiation method | Culture media | Mesoderm induction | Cardiac specification | Differentiation efficiency | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Kehat et al. | 3D | KO DMEM+20%FBS | NA | NA | 8.1% beating EBs | 39 |
| 2007 | Laflamme et al. | 2D | RPMI1640 + B27 | Activin A, BMP4 | NA | >30% β‐MHC(+) cells | 40 |
| 2008 | Yang et al. | 3D | StemPro34 | Activin A, BMP4, bFGF | VEGF, DKK1, bFGF | 40%–50% TNNT2(+) cells | 41 |
| 2009 | Tran et al. | 3D | KO DMEM+15%FBS | WNT3A | NA | 50% α‐Actinin (+) cells (within beating clusters) | 42 |
| 2011 | Elliot et al. | 2D/3D | LI‐APEL | Activin A, BMP4, bFGFVEGF, SCF, WNT3A | NA | 3D: 38% NKX2‐5(+) cells 2D: 24% NKX2‐5(+) cells | 43 |
| 2011 | Kattman et al. | 3D | StemPro34 | Activin A, BMP4, bFGF | VEGF, DKK1, TGFβi, BMPi | >60% TNNT2(+) cells | 44 |
| 2011 | Zhang et al. | 2D | RPMI1640 + B27 | Activin A, BMP4, bFGF | NOGGIN, RA/RAi, DKK1 | RA: 50.7 ± 1.7% TNNT2(+) cells RAi: 64.7% ± 0.9% TNNT2(+) cells | 45 |
| 2011 | Willems et al. | 3D | StemPro34 | Activin A, BMP4, bFGF | bFGF, IWR1, Triiodothyronine | 30% α‐MHC(+) cells | 46 |
| 2012 | Zhang et al. | 2D | RPMI1640 + B27 insulin(−) | Activin A, BMP4, bFGF | NA | 40%–92% TNNT2(+) cells | 47 |
| 2013 | Lian et al. | 2D | RPMI1640 + B27 insulin(−) | CHIR99021 | IWP2 | 85% TNNT2(+) cells | 48 |
| 2014 | Burridge et al. | 2D | CDM3 | CHIR99021 | WNT‐C59 | 80%–95% TNNT2(+) cells | 49 |
| 2015 | Devalla et al. | 3D | BPEL | Activin A, BMP4, CHIR99021 SCF, VEGF | RA | 50% NKX2‐5(+) cells | 50 |
| 2017 | Protze et al. | 3D | StemPro34 | Activin A, BMP4, bFGF | IWP2, VEGF, BMP4RA, bFGFi, TGFβi | 5% NKX2‐5(+) cells 55% NKX2‐5(−) cells | 51 |
| 2017 | Tohyama et al. | 2D | RPMI1640 + B27 insulin(−) | CHIR99021, BMP4 | IWR1 | 80% TNNT2(+) cells | 4 |
| 2017 | Palpant e al. | 2D | RPMI1640 + B27 insulin(−) | Activin A, BMP4, CHIR99021 | XAV‐939 | 80% TNNT2(+) cells | 52 |
| 2020 | Laco et al. | 3D | RPMI1640 + B27 insulin(−) + L‐ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate | CHIR99021 | IWR1 | 68% TNNT2(+) cells | 53 |
Abbreviations: bFGF; basic fibroblast growth factor, bFGFi; bFGF inhibitor, BMP; bone morphologic protein, BMPi; BMP inhibitor, CMs; cardiomyocytes, DKK; dickkopf, DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide, EB; embroid body, FBS; fetal bovine serum, KO; knock out, MLC; myosin light chain, NA; not applicable or not available, TGFβ; transforming growth factor β, TGFβi; TGFβ inhibitor, TNNT; troponin T, SCF; stem cell factor, VEGF; vascular endothelial growth factor, RA; retinoic acid, RAi; RA inhibitor, IWP; inhibitor of Wnt production.