TABLE 4.
In vitro tumorigenicity test
| Publication | Method | Markers | Residual cells | Differentiated cells | Detection rate | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuroda et al. | Flow cytometry | OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, TRA‐1‐60, TRA‐1‐81, TRA‐2‐49 | hiPSCs | RPE cells | 0.01–0.1% (TRA‐1‐60) | 88 |
| Han et al. | Raman Spectroscopy | SSEA‐5 conjugated nanoparticle,TRA‐1‐60 conjugated nanoparticle | hiPSCs | NIH3T3 cells | 0.001% | 89 |
| Han et al. | Flow cytometry | SSEA‐5 | hiPSCs | NIH3T3 cells | 0.1%–1.0% | 89 |
| Ito et al. | Flow cytometry | TRA‐1‐60 | hiPSCs | hiPSC‐CMs | 0.1% | 90 |
| Kuroda et al. | Soft agar | PA1 | RPE cells | 1% | 88 | |
| Tano et al. | Soft agar | hiPSCs | Neurons or hMSCs | 0.001%–0.01% | 92 | |
| Tateno et al. | ELISA | TRA‐1‐60 epitope, TRA‐1‐80 epitope | hiPSCs | hNSCs | 0.05% | 93 |
| Kuroda et al. | qRT‐PCR | TRA‐1‐60, OCT4, KLF4, c‐MYC, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28, REX1 | hiPSCs | RPE cells | 0.01% (LIN28) | 88 |
| Ito et al. | qRT‐PCR | LIN28 | hiPSCs | Primary CMs | 0.001% | 90 |
| Sekine et al. | qRT‐PCR | ESRG, CNMD,SFRP | hiPSCs | HE cells | 0.005% (ESRG). 0.025% (CNMD, SFRP) | 91 |
| Artyuhov et al. | qRT‐PCR | TGDF1 | hiPSCs | NPCs and dermal fibroblasts | 0.01% | 94 |
| Artyuhov et al. | ddPCR | TGDF1 | hiPSCs | NPCs | 0.002% | 94 |
| Kuroda et al. | ddPCR | LIN28 | hiPSCs | hiPSC‐CMs | 0.001% | 95 |
Abbreviations: RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; HE, hepatic endoderm; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; NSC, neural stem cell; NPC, neural progenitor cell; CM, cardiomyocyte.