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. 2022 Aug 4;10:e13850. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13850

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©2022 Li et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

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AFB₁ is metabolized in humans and animals by cytochrome P450 enzymes, and its metabolites include AFM₁, AFP₁, AFQ₁ and AFBO. AFM₁ accumulates in milk, whereas other metabolites are excreted through urine, feces, bile and can also enter the bloodstream. AFB₁, aflatoxin B₁; AFM₁, aflatoxin M₁; AFP₁, aflatoxin P₁; AFQ₁, aflatoxin Q₁; AFBO, aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; AFB₁-FAPy, AFB₁-formamidopyridine adduct.